On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo’s global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.

Thierry Carval | Virginie Thierry | Guillaume Maze | Satya Prakash | Haili Wang | Sylvie Pouliquen | Kjell Arne Mork | Hervé Claustre | Catherine Schmechtig | Brian King | Megan Scanderbeg | Steven Jayne | Claudia Schmid | Toste Tanhua | Are Olsen | Katja Fennel | Andrew Watson | Henry C. Bittig | Arne Körtzinger | Cara Wilson | Markus Jochum | Gregory C. Johnson | Jianping Xu | Ilker Fer | Andreas Sterl | Emmanuel Boss | Tetsuichi Fujiki | Peter Oke | Lynne Talley | Dean Roemmich | Matthew H. Alford | Kenneth Johnson | James Moum | W. Brechner Owens | Sarah Purkey | Toshio Suga | Susan Wijffels | Nathalie Zilberman | Dorothee Bakker | Molly Baringer | Mathieu Belbeoch | Paulo Calil | Fiona Carse | Fei Chai | Diarmuid Ó. Conchubhair | Fabrizio d’Ortenzio | Giorgio Dall’Olmo | Damien Desbruyeres | Raffaele Ferrari | Gael Forget | Howard Freeland | Marion Gehlen | Blair Greenan | Robert Hallberg | Toshiyuki Hibiya | Shigeki Hosoda | KiRyong Kang | Nicolas Kolodziejczyk | Pierre-Yves Le Traon | Yueng-Djern Lenn | Tamaryn Morris | Takeyoshi Nagai | Jonathan Nash | Alberto Naveira Garabato | Rama Rao Pattabhi | Stephen Riser | Emily Shroyer | Philip Sutton | Sandy Thomalla | John Toole | Ariel Troisi | Thomas W. Trull | Jon Turton | Pedro Joaquin Velez-Belchi | Waldemar Walczowski | Rik Wanninkhof | Amy F. Waterhouse | Stephanie Waterman | Annie P. S. Wong | Ichiro Yasuda | A. Sterl | E. Boss | S. Riser | L. Talley | J. Toole | R. Ferrari | R. Hallberg | K. Johnson | F. Chai | F. D’Ortenzio | H. Claustre | K. Fennel | M. Gehlen | S. Jayne | P. Oke | G. Dall’Olmo | P. Calil | G. Johnson | S. Prakash | M. Jochum | I. Fer | W. Owens | P. L. Traon | Cara Wilson | D. Roemmich | C. Schmid | J. Nash | E. Shroyer | B. King | S. Purkey | R. Wanninkhof | S. Wijffels | H. Freeland | A. Troisi | M. Belbéoch | Jianping Xu | S. Pouliquen | G. Maze | T. Suga | P. Sutton | K. A. Mork | P. Vélez-Belchí | J. Turton | M. Baringer | T. Trull | D. Bakker | A. Körtzinger | A. Olsen | M. Alford | I. Yasuda | C. Schmechtig | A. Waterhouse | J. Moum | T. Tanhua | T. Hibiya | S. Waterman | N. Zilberman | T. Nagai | T. Carval | R. Pattabhi | S. Thomalla | Haili Wang | G. Forget | N. Kolodziejczyk | V. Thierry | S. Hosoda | A. N. Garabato | D. Desbruyères | F. Carse | Y. Lenn | A. Wong | M. Scanderbeg | B. Greenan | K. Kang | W. Walczowski | T. Fujiki | Tamaryn Morris | H. Bittig | D. Ó. Conchubhair | A. Watson | T. Morris | P. Vélez‐Belchí | Annie Wong

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