Using Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) to Support Universal Design for Learning (UDL): A Case Study

............................................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................................. 2 UDL and Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................................... 6 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................................................. 7 Summary of Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 9 Limitations ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................................................................. 14 Organization of Dissertation .................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 18 Universal Design for Learning (UDL) .................................................................................................... 18 History of UDL ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Brain Research and UDL ............................................................................................................................ 21 Multiple Intelligences and UDL .............................................................................................................. 23 Support for Students with Specific Disabilities ............................................................................... 24 Supporting Reading and Writing with UDL ...................................................................................... 26 UDL Guidelines .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Pairing UDL with Technology ................................................................................................................. 36 UDL and Assistive Technology ................................................................................................................ 37 Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) .............................................................. 39 Foundations of TPACK ............................................................................................................................... 39 TPACK-­‐Centered Literature ..................................................................................................................... 42 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 47 vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 47 The Qualitative Paradigm ......................................................................................................................... 48 The Case Study ............................................................................................................................................... 48 The Research Context ................................................................................................................................. 50 The Participant .............................................................................................................................................. 50 The School ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 The Classroom ............................................................................................................................................... 55 The Researcher .............................................................................................................................................. 62 The Research Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 65 Protection of Human Subjects ................................................................................................................. 65 Types of Data and Tools for Data Collection ..................................................................................... 66 Researcher Reflections ............................................................................................................................... 76 Data Analysis Strategies ............................................................................................................................ 79 Familiarizing and Organizing .................................................................................................................. 82 Coding and Reducing .................................................................................................................................. 82 Enhancing the Rigor of the Study ............................................................................................................ 84 Credibility ........................................................................................................................................................ 84 Confirmability ................................................................................................................................................ 85 Dependability ................................................................................................................................................. 86 Transferability ............................................................................................................................................... 87 Limitations ...................................................................................................................................................... 87 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS FROM THE DATA .................................................................................... 90 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 90 Planning for Instruction ............................................................................................................................. 91 Planning Theme 1: Designing for Differing Learning Needs .................................................... 92 Planning Theme 2: Designing for Action and Expression ........................................................ 105 Planning Theme 3: Using Web Resources ...................................................................................... 116 Planning Theme 4: Employing Different Software ..................................................................... 121 Implementing Instruction Within the Classroom ........................................................................... 124 Implementation Theme 1: Media for Representing Content .................................................. 127 Implementation Theme 2: Technologies for Monitoring ......................................................... 131 Implementation Theme 3: Supporting Routine and Choice ................................................... 138