Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography of human skin

Ultrahigh resolution OCT (UHR OCT) was performed on normal and pathologic human skin biopsies using an ultrabroad-bandwidth (260 nm) Titanium:sapphire laser, enabling sub-micrometer (0.9 μm) axial UHR OCT resolution. Penetration, image contrast as well as resolution capabilities achieved are analyzed for optimum UHR OCT in vivo performance. With the achieved resolution and the penetration depth, the transition between the dermis and the epidermis is clearly visible by UHR OCT, and also the anomalies of pathologies, which have been confirmed performing a comparison with histological analysis. Three dimensional UHR OCT of normal skin is demonstrated with less than 3 μm axial resolution at video-rate with up to 50 B-scans/second, each tomogram consisting of 512×1024 pixels, resulting in 25 Megavoxels/second.

[1]  K Wolff,et al.  In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. I. Pattern analysis of pigmented skin lesions. , 1987, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[2]  W. Drexler.  Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[3]  A. Fercher,et al.  In vivo human retinal imaging by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. , 2002, Journal of biomedical optics.

[4]  G. Tempea,et al.  Generation of smooth, ultra-broadband spectra directly from a prism-less Ti:sapphire laser , 2003 .

[5]  A F Fercher,et al.  Optical coherence tomography. , 1996, Journal of biomedical optics.

[6]  S. Yun,et al.  In vivo high-resolution video-rate spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of the human retina and optic nerve. , 2004, Optics express.

[7]  J. Marks,et al.  Principles of Dermatology , 1993 .

[8]  K Wolff,et al.  Early recognition and prognostic markers of melanoma. , 1993, Melanoma research.

[9]  W Drexler,et al.  Ultrahigh resolution Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Optics express.

[10]  P Altmeyer,et al.  Histomorphologic correlation with routine histology and optical coherence tomography , 2004, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[11]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical biopsy and imaging using optical coherence tomography , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[12]  J. Duker,et al.  Ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation. , 2004, Optics express.

[13]  R L Edman,et al.  Prevention and early detection of malignant melanoma. , 2000, American family physician.

[14]  R Birngruber,et al.  Optical coherence tomography of the human skin. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[15]  L. Yannuzzi,et al.  Combined multiplanar optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning ophthalmoscopy. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[16]  F. Foster,et al.  A 100 MHz B-scan ultrasound backscatter microscope. , 1989, Ultrasonic imaging.

[17]  M. Pierce,et al.  Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of invasive basal cell carcinoma. , 2004, Journal of biomedical optics.

[18]  H. Kittler,et al.  Follow-up of melanocytic skin lesions with digital epiluminescence microscopy: patterns of modifications observed in early melanoma, atypical nevi, and common nevi. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[19]  J. Schuman,et al.  Optical coherence tomography. , 2000, Science.

[20]  K Wolff,et al.  Epiluminescence microscopy: a new approach to the early detection of melanoma. , 1994, Advances in dermatology.

[21]  W Drexler,et al.  Compact, low-cost Ti:Al2O3 laser for in vivo ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. , 2003, Optics letters.

[22]  D. A. Christopher,et al.  Advances in ultrasound biomicroscopy. , 2000, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[23]  K Wolff,et al.  In vivo epiluminescence microscopy: improvement of early diagnosis of melanoma. , 1993, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[24]  H. Kittler,et al.  Epiluminescence microscopy-based classification of pigmented skin lesions using computerized image analysis and an artificial neural network , 1998, Melanoma research.

[25]  S. Yun,et al.  High-speed optical frequency-domain imaging. , 2003, Optics express.

[26]  Teresa C. Chen,et al.  Ultrahigh-resolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Optics express.

[27]  M. Binder,et al.  Epiluminescence microscopy. A useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists. , 1995, Archives of dermatology.

[28]  James G. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Diseases , 1995 .

[29]  D L Farkas,et al.  Noninvasive imaging of living human skin with dual-wavelength optical coherence tomography in two and three dimensions. , 1998, Journal of biomedical optics.

[30]  K Wolff,et al.  In vivo epiluminescence microscopy of pigmented skin lesions. II. Diagnosis of small pigmented skin lesions and early detection of malignant melanoma. , 1987, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[31]  David A. Jackson,et al.  En-face coherence imaging using galvanometer scanner modulation. , 1998, Optics letters.