Prospects for organ and tissue replacement.

Damage or loss of a tissue or organ is common, costly, and tragic. Advances in mechanical artificial organs and organ transplantation have improved the treatment of organ failure, and advances in molecular immunology, tissue engineering, and stem cell biology offer the promise of even better therapeutic modalities for treating organ failure in the future. Enhancement of immune tolerance of transplanted tissues, improved understanding of cellular differentiation and tissue development, and advances in biomaterials may enable the de novo creation of implantable tissue and organs for transplantation. Innovative techniques for prevention and treatment of tissue loss and organ failure should improve the quality and length of life.

[1]  R. Busuttil,et al.  Characterization of human xenoreactive antibodies in liver failure patients exposed to pig hepatocytes after bioartificial liver treatment: an ex vivo model of pig to human xenotransplantation. , 1999, Transplantation.

[2]  E. Hammond,et al.  Clinical use of the total artificial heart. , 1984, The New England journal of medicine.

[3]  J. Gribben,et al.  Transplantation of anergic histoincompatible bone marrow allografts. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  M. West,et al.  Prospects for the use of nuclear transfer in human transplantation , 1999, Nature Biotechnology.

[5]  M. Pittenger,et al.  Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. , 1999, Science.

[6]  R. Tsai,et al.  Reconstruction of damaged corneas by transplantation of autologous limbal epithelial cells. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  R. Wilson,et al.  Renal Transplantation: A Twenty‐five Year Experience , 1976, Annals of surgery.

[8]  G. Tenderich,et al.  Novacor left ventricular assist system versus Heartmate vented electric left ventricular assist system as a long-term mechanical circulatory support device in bridging patients: a prospective study. , 2000, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[9]  R Langer,et al.  Functional arteries grown in vitro. , 1999, Science.

[10]  W J Kolff,et al.  The Artificial Kidney: a dialyser with a great area , 2009 .

[11]  R. Mulligan,et al.  Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation , 1999, Nature.

[12]  P. Robbins,et al.  Gene therapy in transplantation , 1999, Gene Therapy.

[13]  R. Appell,et al.  De Novo Reconstitution of a Functional Mammalian Urinary Bladder by Tissue Engineering , 1999 .

[14]  Robert Langer,et al.  Tissue engineering: the design and fabrication of living replacement devices for surgical reconstruction and transplantation , 1999, The Lancet.

[15]  J. Vacanti,et al.  Tissue engineering. , 1993, Science.

[16]  K. Barrington,et al.  Recent advances: care of near term infants with respiratory failure , 1997, BMJ.

[17]  D. Schatz,et al.  Reversal of insulin-dependent diabetes using islets generated in vitro from pancreatic stem cells , 2000, Nature Medicine.

[18]  C. Kubota,et al.  Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[19]  C. Barnard.  The operation. A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. , 1967, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[20]  W. Federspiel,et al.  Progress with the development of the intravenous membrane oxygenator , 1999, Perfusion.

[21]  H D Humes,et al.  Tissue engineering of a bioartificial renal tubule assist device: in vitro transport and metabolic characteristics. , 1999, Kidney international.

[22]  M. Goodell,et al.  Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isolated from murine skeletal muscle. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  H. Gudmundsdottir,et al.  Transplantation tolerance: mechanisms and strategies? , 2000, Seminars in nephrology.

[24]  M. Pittenger,et al.  Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation to the Osteogenic or Adipogenic Lineage Is Regulated by Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[25]  K. Shakesheff,et al.  Creating biomimetic micro-environments with synthetic polymer-peptide hybrid molecules. , 1998, Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition.

[26]  W. Hancock.  Xenotransplantation: is this the future? , 2000, Seminars in nephrology.

[27]  U. Lendahl,et al.  Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. , 2000, Science.

[28]  R. Schwartz.  The new immunology--the end of immunosuppressive drug therapy? , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.