Viewing angle matters - Screen type does not

Increasingly, television content is available to viewers across 3 different screen types: TVs, personal computers (PCs), and portable devices such as mobile phones and iPods. The purpose of this study was to see what effect physical and apparent screen size has upon ad effectiveness. Using a sample of 320 members of the Australian public, we found that TV ads can be just as effective on PCs and iPods. However, controlling for screen type, ads viewed from a closer distance (i.e. with a wider viewing angle) were more likely to be recalled the next day, and were associated with more favorable brand attitudes. Shorter programs, product relevance, and use of close-ups and detailed images made no difference to this general viewing-angle effect.

[1]  Darrel D. Muehling,et al.  The Effect of Involvement, Arousal, and Pace on Claim and Non-claim Components of Attitude toward the Ad , 1999 .

[2]  M. Angela Sasse,et al.  Can small be beautiful?: assessing image resolution requirements for mobile TV , 2005, MULTIMEDIA '05.

[3]  Patrick Barwise,et al.  TV, PC, or Mobile? Future Media for Consumer e‐Commerce , 2001 .

[4]  P. Webb Consumer Initial Processing in a Difficult Media Environment , 1979 .

[5]  Roland Neumann,et al.  The impact of changes in spatial distance on emotional responses. , 2008, Emotion.

[6]  Meryl P. Gardner,et al.  Does Attitude toward the Ad Affect Brand Attitude under a Brand Evaluation Set? , 1985 .

[7]  Maurizio Codispoti,et al.  Arousal and attention: picture size and emotional reactions. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[8]  B. Detenber,et al.  A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotion: Motion and Image Size Effects on Viewers , 1996 .

[9]  Amitava Chattopadhyay,et al.  Does Attitude toward the Ad Endure? The Moderating Effects of Attention and Delay , 1992 .

[10]  Dan Padgett,et al.  Patterns of Affective Reactions to Advertisements: The Integration of Moment-to-Moment Responses into Overall Judgments , 1997 .

[11]  M. Bradley,et al.  Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[12]  Annie Lang Using the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing to Design Effective Cancer Communication Messages , 2006 .

[13]  Annie Lang,et al.  The effects of arousal on liking and believability of commercials , 1998 .

[14]  Warren F. Seibert,et al.  A Study of Factors Influencing the Legibility of Televised Characters , 1959 .

[15]  Kenton O'Hara,et al.  Consuming video on mobile devices , 2007, CHI.

[16]  M. Angela Sasse,et al.  How low can you go? The effect of low resolutions on shot types in mobile TV , 2006, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[17]  J. Rossiter,et al.  Advertising communications & promotion management , 1997 .

[18]  L. Kleinsmith,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP OF AROUSAL TO SHORT- AND LONGTERM VERBAL RECALL. , 1963, Canadian journal of psychology.

[19]  W. Scott Terry,et al.  Serial Position Effects in Recall of Television Commercials , 2005, The Journal of general psychology.

[20]  Judith Good,et al.  Story creation in virtual game worlds , 2005, CACM.

[21]  Robert R. Moritz,et al.  Mobile Video: A Study of Quality Perception , 2004 .

[22]  N. Ravaja Effects of Image Motion on a Small Screen on Emotion, Attention, and Memory: Moving-Face Versus Static-Face Newscaster , 2004 .

[23]  Suzanne Altobello Nasco,et al.  Perceptions and Recall of Advertising Content Presented on Mobile Handled Devices , 2007 .

[24]  F. Thomas Juster,et al.  Consumer Buying Intentions and Purchase Probability: An Experiment in Survey Design , 1966 .

[25]  Steven P. Brown,et al.  Antecedents and Consequences of Attitude toward the Ad: A Meta-analysis , 1992 .

[26]  Kari Kallinen,et al.  Comparing speakers versus headphones in listening to news from a computer - individual differences and psychophysiological responses , 2004, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[27]  M. Eysenck,et al.  Arousal, learning, and memory. , 1976, Psychological bulletin.

[28]  Annie Lang,et al.  The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages , 1999 .

[29]  M. Bradley,et al.  Remembering pictures: pleasure and arousal in memory. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[30]  Jacob Cohen Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 1969, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[31]  Hendrik Knoche,et al.  Good news for mobile TV , 2005 .

[32]  T. S. Balaji,et al.  A carrier's perspective on creating a mobile multimedia service , 2005, CACM.

[33]  Frank Biocca,et al.  Telepresence via Television: Two Dimensions of Telepresence May Have Different Connections to Memory and Persuasion , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[34]  Byron Reeves,et al.  The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal Media Psychology , 1999 .

[35]  M. Codispoti,et al.  When does size not matter? Effects of stimulus size on affective modulation. , 2006, Psychophysiology.

[36]  Jean Perrien,et al.  Advertisers and the Factual Content of Advertising , 1985 .

[37]  Tao Lin,et al.  Display Characteristics Affect Users' Emotional Arousal in 3D Games , 2006, Universal Access in Ambient Intelligence Environments.

[38]  Matthew Lombard,et al.  The Role of Screen Size in Viewer Responses to Television Fare , 1997 .

[39]  K. Kallinen,et al.  The Role of Mood in the Processing of Media Messages From a Small Screen: Effects on Subjective and Physiological Responses , 2006 .

[40]  Tom J. Brown,et al.  Reassessing the Impact of Television Advertising Clutter , 1993 .

[41]  R. Petty,et al.  Positive Mood and Persuasion: Different Roles for Affect Under High- and Low-Elaboration Conditions , 1993 .

[42]  Erin M. Harley,et al.  Why is it easier to identify someone close than far away? , 2005, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

[43]  David B. Rondeau For mobile applications, branding is experience , 2005, CACM.

[44]  Georgios I. Doukidis,et al.  Interactive Digital Television: Technologies and Applications , 2007 .

[45]  Annie Lang,et al.  The limited capacity model of mediated message processing , 2000 .

[46]  P. Lachenbruch Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[47]  M. Lombard,et al.  Presence and Television: The Role of Screen Size. , 2000 .

[48]  D. Langmeyer,et al.  The effects of interaction distance and gender on self-disclosure in the dyad. , 1977, Sociometry.

[49]  Desney S. Tan,et al.  Physically large displays improve performance on spatial tasks , 2006, TCHI.

[50]  Clifford J. Shultz,et al.  FITZSIMONS PROGRAM INVOLVEMENT : ARE MODERATE LEVELS BEST FOR AD MEMORY AND ATTITUDE TOWARD THE AD ? , 2005 .

[51]  Zheng Wang,et al.  Cognition and Emotion in TV Message Processing: How Valence, Arousing Content, Structural Complexity, and Information Density Affect the Availability of Cognitive Resources , 2007 .

[52]  Steve Hand,et al.  The Effect of Mobile Phone Screen Size on Video Based Learning , 2008, J. Softw..

[53]  Matthew Lombard,et al.  At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence , 2006 .

[54]  M. Bradley,et al.  Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. , 1990, Psychological review.

[55]  Neil Charness,et al.  Age-Related Identification of Emotions at Different Image Sizes , 2006, Hum. Factors.

[56]  Clifford Nass,et al.  The media equation - how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places , 1996 .

[57]  Hendrik Knoche,et al.  Getting the Big Picture on Small Screens: Quality of Experience in Mobile TV , 2008 .

[58]  Byungho Park,et al.  Parsing the Resource Pie: Using STRTs to Measure Attention to Mediated Messages , 2006 .

[59]  C. Bracken,et al.  1 It is REALLY a smaller ( and smaller ) world : Presence and small screens , 2007 .