Interactions between perchlorate and nitrate reductions in the biofilm of a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor.

We studied the microbial functional and structural interactions between nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)) reductions in the hydrogen (H(2))-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR). When H(2) was not limiting, ClO(4)(-) and NO(3)(-) reductions were complete, and the MBfR's biofilm was composed mainly of bacteria from the ε- and β-proteobacteria classes, with autotrophic genera Sulfuricurvum, Hydrogenophaga, and Dechloromonas dominating the biofilm. Based on functional-gene and pyrosequencing assays, Dechloromonas played the most important role in ClO(4)(-) reduction, while Sulfuricurvum and Hydrogenophaga were responsible for NO(3)(-) reduction. When H(2) delivery was insufficient to completely reduce both electron acceptors, NO(3)(-) reduction out-competed ClO(4)(-) reduction for electrons from H(2), and mixotrophs become important in the MBfR biofilm. β-Proteobacteria became the dominant class, and Azonexus replaced Sulfuricurvum as a main genus. The changes suggest that facultative, NO(3)(-)-reducing bacteria had advantages over strict autotrophs when H(2) was limiting, because organic microbial products became important electron donors when H(2) was severely limiting.

[1]  B. Haas,et al.  Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. , 2011, Genome research.

[2]  H. Fritze,et al.  Quantitative PCR of pmoA using a novel reverse primer correlates with potential methane oxidation in Finnish fen. , 2009, Research in microbiology.

[3]  J. C. Thrash,et al.  Description of the novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Dechlorobacter hydrogenophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Propionivibrio militaris, sp. nov. , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[4]  Xuejiang Wang,et al.  Autohydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water using a polyvinyl chloride hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactor. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[5]  Martin Hartmann,et al.  Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities , 2009, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[6]  K. Weber,et al.  Behavioral response of dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria to different electron acceptors , 2009, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[7]  A. Sahu,et al.  Biological perchlorate reduction in packed bed reactors using elemental sulfur. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  J. Silverstein,et al.  Inhibition of perchlorate reduction by nitrate in a fixed biofilm reactor. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[9]  James R. Cole,et al.  The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis , 2008, Nucleic Acids Res..

[10]  Yong You,et al.  Predicting ultraviolet spectrum of single stranded and double stranded deoxyribonucleic acids. , 2008, Biophysical chemistry.

[11]  V. Stewart,et al.  Quantitative Detection of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria by Real-Time PCR Targeting the Perchlorate Reductase Gene , 2008, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Microbial ecology of a perchlorate-reducing, hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. , 2008, Water research.

[13]  W. Ludwig,et al.  SILVA: a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible with ARB , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[14]  J. Chung,et al.  Bio‐reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane and chloroform using a hydrogen‐based membrane biofilm reactor , 2007, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[15]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Kinetics of a hydrogen-oxidizing, perchlorate-reducing bacterium. , 2006, Water research.

[16]  E. Kandeler,et al.  Abundance of narG, nirS, nirK, and nosZ Genes of Denitrifying Bacteria during Primary Successions of a Glacier Foreland , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[17]  B. Campbell,et al.  The versatile ε-proteobacteria: key players in sulphidic habitats , 2006, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[18]  Z. Quan,et al.  Azonexus caeni sp. nov., a denitrifying bacterium isolated from sludge of a wastewater treatment plant. , 2006, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[19]  Qingzhong Wu,et al.  Quantitative PCR Targeting 16S rRNA and Reductive Dehalogenase Genes Simultaneously Monitors Multiple Dehalococcoides Strains , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[20]  L. Philippot.  Use of functional genes to quantify denitrifiers in the environment. , 2006, Biochemical Society transactions.

[21]  Jizhong Zhou,et al.  Changes in bacterial community structure correlate with initial operating conditions of a field-scale denitrifying fluidized bed reactor , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[22]  Yong-Jin Choi,et al.  Autohydrogenotrophic Denitrifying Microbial Community in a Glass Beads Biofilm Reactor , 2005, Biotechnology Letters.

[23]  Kazuya Watanabe,et al.  Sulfuricurvum kujiense gen. nov., sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from an underground crude-oil storage cavity. , 2004, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[24]  Sara Hallin,et al.  Reassessing PCR primers targeting nirS, nirK and nosZ genes for community surveys of denitrifying bacteria with DGGE. , 2004, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[25]  John D. Coates,et al.  Microbial perchlorate reduction: rocket-fuelled metabolism , 2004, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[26]  B. Logan,et al.  Chlorate and nitrate reduction pathways are separately induced in the perchlorate-respiring bacterium Dechlorosoma sp. KJ and the chlorate-respiring bacterium Pseudomonas sp. PDA. , 2004, Water research.

[27]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Hydrogen-based hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) for removing oxidized contaminants , 2004 .

[28]  G. Sayler,et al.  Power Analysis for Real-Time PCR Quantification of Genes in Activated Sludge and Analysis of the Variability Introduced by DNA Extraction , 2003, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[29]  A. Stams,et al.  Pseudomonas chloritidismutans sp. nov., a non-denitrifying, chlorate-reducing bacterium. , 2002, International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology.

[30]  Bruce E. Rittmann,et al.  Perchlorate reduction in a HYDROGEN‐BASED MEMBRANE–BIOFILM REACTOR , 2002 .

[31]  J. Coates,et al.  Environmental Factors That Control Microbial Perchlorate Reduction , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[32]  B. Gu,et al.  Treatment of perchlorate‐contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerable ion‐exchange technology: A pilot‐scale demonstration , 2002 .

[33]  R. Chakraborty,et al.  Anaerobic benzene oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction in pure culture by two strains of Dechloromonas , 2001, Nature.

[34]  D. A. Russell,et al.  Functional, biochemical and genetic diversity of prokaryotic nitrate reductases , 2001, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[35]  M. Deshusses,et al.  Removal of Perchlorate in Ground Water with a Flow-Through Bioreactor , 2000 .

[36]  A. Stams,et al.  Purification and Characterization of (Per)Chlorate Reductase from the Chlorate-Respiring Strain GR-1 , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[37]  G. B. Fogel,et al.  Prokaryotic Genome Size and SSU rDNA Copy Number: Estimation of Microbial Relative Abundance from a Mixed Population , 1999, Microbial Ecology.

[38]  W. Frankenberger,et al.  Bacterial reduction of perchlorate and nitrate in water , 1999 .

[39]  D. Richardson,et al.  Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in bacteria. , 1999, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[40]  G. Braker,et al.  Development of PCR Primer Systems for Amplification of Nitrite Reductase Genes (nirK and nirS) To Detect Denitrifying Bacteria in Environmental Samples , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[41]  B. Logan.  A Review of Chlorate- and Perchlorate-Respiring Microorganisms , 1998 .

[42]  S. Kengen,et al.  Purification and characterization of chlorite dismutase: a novel oxygen-generating enzyme , 1996, Archives of Microbiology.

[43]  C. V. van Ginkel,et al.  Transformation of (per)chlorate into chloride by a newly isolated bacterium: reduction and dismutation , 1996, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[44]  A. Chao,et al.  Estimating the Number of Classes via Sample Coverage , 1992 .

[45]  S. Dowd,et al.  Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing for the elucidation of microbial and functional gene diversity in any environment. , 2011, Methods in molecular biology.

[46]  B. Rittmann,et al.  Systematic evaluation of nitrate and perchlorate bioreduction kinetics in groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. , 2009, Water research.

[47]  B. Logan,et al.  Assessing the outlook for perchlorate remediation. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[48]  W. Frankenberger,et al.  Perchlorate and nitrate reductase activity in the perchlorate-respiring bacterium perclace. , 2001, Microbiological research.