Towards a Realistic Assessment of Multiple Antenna HCNs: Residual Additive Transceiver Hardware Impairments and Channel Ageing

Given the critical dependence of broadcast channels by the accuracy of channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT), we develop a general downlink model with zero-forcing (ZF) precoding, applied in realistic heterogeneous cellular systems with multiple antenna base stations (BSs). Specifically, we take into consideration imperfect CSIT due to pilot contamination, channel aging due to users relative movement, and unavoidable residual additive transceiver hardware impairments (RATHIs). Assuming that the BSs are Poisson distributed, the main contributions focus on the derivations of the upper bound of the coverage probability and the achievable user rate for this general model. We show that both the coverage probability and the user rate are dependent on the imperfect CSIT and RATHIs. More concretely, we quantify the resultant performance loss of the network due to these effects. We depict that the uplink RATHIs have equal impact, but the downlink transmit BS distortion has a greater impact than the receive hardware impairment of the user. Thus, the transmit BS hardware should be of better quality than user’s receive hardware. Furthermore, we characterize both the coverage probability and user rate in terms of the time variation of the channel. It is shown that both of them decrease with increasing user mobility, but after a specific value of the normalized Doppler shift, they increase again. Actually, the time variation, following the Jakes autocorrelation function, mirrors this effect on coverage probability and user rate. Finally, we consider space division multiple access (SDMA), single user beamforming (SU-BF), and baseline single-input single-output (SISO) transmission. A comparison among these schemes reveals that the coverage by means of SU-BF outperforms SDMA in terms of coverage.

[1]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Impact of transceiver hardware impairments on the ergodic channel capacity for Rayleigh-product MIMO channels , 2016, 2016 IEEE 17th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC).

[2]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Linear precoding for downlink massive MIMO with delayed CSIT and channel prediction , 2014, 2014 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).

[3]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Massive MIMO with Non-Ideal Arbitrary Arrays: Hardware Scaling Laws and Circuit-Aware Design , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[4]  Sonia Aïssa,et al.  On the Power Amplifier Nonlinearity in MIMO Transmit Beamforming Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[5]  Nihar Jindal,et al.  MIMO broadcast channels with finite rate feedback , 2006, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[6]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Queen ' s University Belfast-Research Portal On the MIMO Capacity with Residual Transceiver Hardware Impairments , 2016 .

[7]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Capacity Limits and Multiplexing Gains of MIMO Channels with Transceiver Impairments , 2012, IEEE Communications Letters.

[8]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Massive MIMO Systems With Non-Ideal Hardware: Energy Efficiency, Estimation, and Capacity Limits , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[9]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Optimal coordinated beamforming in the multicell downlink with transceiver impairments , 2012, 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[10]  Derrick Wing Kwan Ng,et al.  Key technologies for 5G wireless systems , 2017 .

[11]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Heterogeneous Cellular Networks with Flexible Cell Association: A Comprehensive Downlink SINR Analysis , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[12]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  A Tractable Approach to Coverage and Rate in Cellular Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[13]  Emil Björnson,et al.  Joint Precoding and Load Balancing Optimization for Energy-Efficient Heterogeneous Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[14]  Robert W. Heath,et al.  Analyzing Uplink SINR and Rate in Massive MIMO Systems Using Stochastic Geometry , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[15]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Downlink MIMO HCNs With Residual Transceiver Hardware Impairments , 2016, IEEE Communications Letters.

[16]  Derrick Wing Kwan Ng,et al.  Analysis and Design of Secure Massive MIMO Systems in the Presence of Hardware Impairments , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[17]  Chintha Tellambura,et al.  Performance Analysis of SDMA with Inter-tier Interference Nulling in HetNets , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[18]  Symeon Chatzinotas,et al.  Impact of Transceiver Impairments on the Capacity of Dual-Hop Relay Massive MIMO Systems , 2015, 2015 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps).

[19]  Abbas Jamalipour,et al.  Wireless communications , 2005, GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005..

[20]  Lajos Hanzo,et al.  Survey of Large-Scale MIMO Systems , 2015, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[21]  Anastasios K. Papazafeiropoulos Impact of General Channel Aging Conditions on the Downlink Performance of Massive MIMO , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[22]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Cell-Edge-Aware Precoding for Downlink Massive MIMO Cellular Networks , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[23]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Mitigation of phase noise in massive MIMO systems: A rate-splitting approach , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[24]  Michail Matthaiou,et al.  Uplink performance of conventional and massive MIMO cellular systems with delayed CSIT , 2014, 2014 IEEE 25th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication (PIMRC).

[25]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Deterministic Equivalent Performance Analysis of Time-Varying Massive MIMO Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[26]  Kien T. Truong,et al.  Effects of channel aging in massive MIMO systems , 2013, Journal of Communications and Networks.

[27]  Tim Schenk,et al.  RF Imperfections in High-rate Wireless Systems: Impact and Digital Compensation , 2008 .

[28]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Rate-Splitting to Mitigate Residual Transceiver Hardware Impairments in Massive MIMO Systems , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[29]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Physical Layer Security in Downlink Multi-Antenna Cellular Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[30]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Performance of Massive MIMO Uplink With Zero-Forcing Receivers Under Delayed Channels , 2016, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[31]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Downlink MIMO HetNets: Modeling, Ordering Results and Performance Analysis , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[32]  Tharmalingam Ratnarajah,et al.  Impact of residual transceiver impairments on MMSE filtering performance of Rayleigh-product MIMO channels , 2017, 2017 IEEE 18th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC).

[33]  Michail Matthaiou,et al.  Effect of channel aging on the sum rate of uplink massive MIMO systems , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT).

[34]  Antti Toskala,et al.  LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE-Advanced , 2011 .

[35]  Michail Matthaiou,et al.  Sum-Rate and Power Scaling of Massive MIMO Systems With Channel Aging , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[36]  T. Mattfeldt Stochastic Geometry and Its Applications , 1996 .

[37]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  On the capacity of MIMO wireless channels with dynamic CSIT , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[38]  Thomas L. Marzetta,et al.  Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[39]  Andreas Peter Burg,et al.  MIMO transmission with residual transmit-RF impairments , 2010, 2010 International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA).

[40]  B. Goransson,et al.  Effect of transmitter and receiver impairments on the performance of MIMO in HSDPA , 2008, 2008 IEEE 9th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications.

[41]  George K. Karagiannidis,et al.  Joint Estimation of Channel and Oscillator Phase Noise in MIMO Systems , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[42]  Shlomo Shamai,et al.  Information-theoretic considerations for symmetric, cellular, multiple-access fading channels - Part II , 1997, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[43]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  What Will 5G Be? , 2014, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[44]  Khaled Ben Letaief,et al.  User-Centric Intercell Interference Nulling for Downlink Small Cell Networks , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[45]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Femtocells: Past, Present, and Future , 2012, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[46]  Symeon Chatzinotas,et al.  MMSE filtering performance of DH-AF massive MIMO relay systems with residual transceiver impairments , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC).

[47]  W. C. Jakes,et al.  Microwave Mobile Communications , 1974 .

[48]  Anastasios K. Papazafeiropoulos Downlink Performance of Massive MIMO under General Channel Aging Conditions , 2014, 2015 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM).

[49]  Xiaohu Ge,et al.  5G wireless communication systems: prospects and challenges [Guest Editorial] , 2014 .

[50]  Kerstin Vogler,et al.  Table Of Integrals Series And Products , 2016 .

[51]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Downlink SDMA with Limited Feedback in Interference-Limited Wireless Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[52]  Sivarama Venkatesan,et al.  MIMO Communication for Cellular Networks , 2011 .

[53]  Kareem E. Baddour,et al.  Autoregressive modeling for fading channel simulation , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[54]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of K-Tier Downlink Heterogeneous Cellular Networks , 2011, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.