The Effectiveness of Mobile-Health Technology-Based Health Behaviour Change or Disease Management Interventions for Health Care Consumers: A Systematic Review

Caroline Free and colleagues systematically review a fast-moving field, that of the effectiveness of mobile technology interventions delivered to healthcare consumers, and conclude that high-quality, adequately powered trials of optimized interventions are required to evaluate effects on objective outcomes.

[1]  K. Stowman World health statistics. , 1949, The Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly.

[2]  W. Agras,et al.  Developing computer-assisted therapy for the treatment of obesity , 1990 .

[3]  PingH. Wang Tight glucose control and diabetic complications , 1993, The Lancet.

[4]  R Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors , 1994, BMJ.

[5]  Cindy Farquhar,et al.  3 The Cochrane Library , 1996 .

[6]  R. Holman,et al.  Randomized controlled pilot trial of a hand-held patient-oriented, insulin regimen optimizer. , 1996, Medical informatics = Medecine et informatique.

[7]  V. Harindra British HIV Association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals , 1997, The Lancet.

[8]  Nick Freemantle,et al.  β Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis , 1999 .

[9]  A FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RCTs FOR COMPLEX INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE HEALTH , 2000 .

[10]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. , 2001, BMJ.

[11]  M Hørder,et al.  Randomised controlled trial of structured personal care of type 2 diabetes mellitus , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[12]  A. Mattioli,et al.  Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[13]  Kay Dirting,et al.  Controlled multicenter study on the effect of computer assistance in intensive insulin therapy of type 1 diabetics , 2002, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[14]  Catherine Sudlow,et al.  Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[15]  Valerie Feldmann Mobile Overtakes Fixed: Implications for Policy and Regulation , 2003 .

[16]  Ken Banks and Richard Burge Mobile Phones: An Appropriate Tool for Conservation and Development? , 2004 .

[17]  T. Fahey,et al.  Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication. , 2016, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[18]  Richard Doll,et al.  Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. , 1980, British medical journal.

[19]  M. D. L. F. Wichmann,et al.  Eficacia de una intervención informativa a hipertensos mediante mensajes de alerta en el teléfono móvil (HTA-ALERT) , 2004 .

[20]  N Heddle,et al.  Comparing hand‐held computers and paper diaries for haemophilia home therapy: a randomized trial , 2004, Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.

[21]  T Fahey,et al.  Interventions for improving adherence to treatment in patients with high blood pressure in ambulatory settings (Review) , 2018 .

[22]  J. Viikari,et al.  Cellular phone transferred self blood glucose monitoring: prerequisites for positive outcome , 2004 .

[23]  J. Naval,et al.  [Effectiveness of an intervention to provide information to patients with hypertension as short text messages and reminders sent to their mobile phone (HTA-Alert)]. , 2004, Atencion primaria.

[24]  R. Dittus,et al.  A randomized trial of a primary care-based disease management program to improve cardiovascular risk factors and glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes. , 2005, The American journal of medicine.

[25]  E. Vermeire,et al.  Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[26]  J. Kenardy,et al.  Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[27]  R. Collins,et al.  Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins , 2005, The Lancet.

[28]  Mary J Wills,et al.  Do u smoke after txt? Results of a randomised trial of smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging , 2005, Tobacco Control.

[29]  V. Ostojić,et al.  Improving asthma control through telemedicine: a study of short-message service. , 2005, Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association.

[30]  Heidi Ertl,et al.  From the digital divide to digital opportunities : measuring infostates for development , 2005 .

[31]  R. Califf,et al.  Long-Term Adherence to Evidence-Based Secondary Prevention Therapies in Coronary Artery Disease , 2006, Circulation.

[32]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  Stress management using UMTS cellular phones: a controlled trial. , 2006, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[33]  C. Del Mar,et al.  Exercise for overweight or obesity. , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[34]  T. Schieble,et al.  Distraction with a hand‐held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety , 2006, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[35]  V. Franklin,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of Sweet Talk, a text‐messaging system to support young people with diabetes , 2006, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[36]  Shannon J. Lane,et al.  Bmc Medical Informatics and Decision Making a Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing the Effectiveness of Hand Held Computers with Paper Methods for Data Collection , 2006 .

[37]  W. Weaver,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in coronary artery disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[38]  D. Vidrine,et al.  A randomized trial of a proactive cellular telephone intervention for smokers living with HIV/AIDS , 2006, AIDS.

[39]  Christian Popow,et al.  Telemedical support to improve glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus , 2006, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[40]  Sunil Kripalani,et al.  Use of handheld computers in medical education , 2006, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[41]  Jay M Bernhardt,et al.  Using wireless handheld computers and tailored text messaging to reduce negative consequences of drinking alcohol. , 2007, Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs.

[42]  Hubertus Feussner,et al.  Evaluation of M-AID, a first aid application for mobile phones. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[43]  E. Walters,et al.  Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[44]  J. Quesada,et al.  One-year efficacy and safety of Web-based follow-up using cellular phone in type 1 diabetic patients under insulin pump therapy: the PumpNet study. , 2007, Diabetes & metabolism.

[45]  O. Dale,et al.  Despite technical problems personal digital assistants outperform pen and paper when collecting patient diary data. , 2007, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[46]  Lorenz Ertl,et al.  Significant improvement of the quality of bystander first aid using an expert system with a mobile multimedia device. , 2007, Resuscitation.

[47]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  Managing Exam Stress Using UMTS Phones: The advantage of Portable Audio/Video Support , 2007, MMVR.

[48]  M. Lim,et al.  16. A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF THE IMPACT OF EMAIL AND TEXT (SMS) MESSAGES ON THE SEXUAL HEALTH OF YOUNG PEOPLE , 2007 .

[49]  S. Yoo,et al.  The effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction: animation versus dispatcher through a cellular phone. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[50]  C. Abraham,et al.  A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. , 2008, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[51]  P. Chuenwattana,et al.  Satisfaction of healthy pregnant women receiving short message service via mobile phone for prenatal support: A randomized controlled trial. , 2008, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[52]  N. Kearney,et al.  Evaluation of a mobile phone-based, advanced symptom management system (ASyMS©) in the management of chemotherapy-related toxicity , 2009, Supportive Care in Cancer.

[53]  Haynes Rb,et al.  Interventions for enhancing medication adherence (Review) , 2008 .

[54]  W. Riley,et al.  Evaluation of a PDA-based Dietary Assessment and Intervention Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2006, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[55]  S. Hung,et al.  Efficacy of a cell phone-based exercise programme for COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[56]  S. Bauer,et al.  Use of text messaging for monitoring sugar-sweetened beverages, physical activity, and screen time in children: a pilot study. , 2008, Journal of nutrition education and behavior.

[57]  Z. Yen,et al.  Impact of adding video communication to dispatch instructions on the quality of rescue breathing in simulated cardiac arrests--a randomized controlled study. , 2008, Resuscitation.

[58]  M. Lim,et al.  SMS STI: A Review of the Uses of Mobile Phone Text Messaging in Sexual Health , 2008, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[59]  Rachel Jones,et al.  Soap Opera Video on Handheld Computers to Reduce Young Urban Women’s HIV Sex Risk , 2008, AIDS and Behavior.

[60]  Audie A Atienza,et al.  Promoting physical activity through hand-held computer technology. , 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

[61]  Mario Pascual Carrasco,et al.  Impact of Patient–General Practitioner Short-Messages-Based Interaction on the Control of Hypertension in a Follow-up Service for Low-to-Medium Risk Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[62]  Jonathan Donner,et al.  Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World : A Review of the Literature , 2007 .

[63]  E. Meltzer,et al.  Randomized, Cross-Over Evaluation of Mobile Phone vs Paper Diary in Subjects with Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma , 2008, The open respiratory medicine journal.

[64]  Christopher Rhoads,et al.  Use of MP3 players to increase asthma knowledge in inner-city African-American adolescents , 2008, International journal of behavioral medicine.

[65]  C. Quinn,et al.  WellDoc mobile diabetes management randomized controlled trial: change in clinical and behavioral outcomes and patient and physician satisfaction. , 2008, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[66]  Christopher D Gardner,et al.  Using hand-held computer technologies to improve dietary intake. , 2008, American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

[67]  Kerem Shuval,et al.  Evaluating the impact of mobile telephone technology on type 2 diabetic patients' self-management: the NICHE pilot study. , 2008, Journal of evaluation in clinical practice.

[68]  Ulrich John,et al.  Continuous individual support of smoking cessation using text messaging: a pilot experimental study. , 2009, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[69]  A. Kimball,et al.  Text-message reminders to improve sunscreen use: a randomized, controlled trial using electronic monitoring. , 2009, Archives of dermatology.

[70]  R. Istepanian,et al.  Evaluation of a mobile phone telemonitoring system for glycaemic control in patients with diabetes , 2009, Journal of telemedicine and telecare.

[71]  K. Patrick,et al.  A Text Message–Based Intervention for Weight Loss: Randomized Controlled Trial , 2009, Journal of medical Internet research.

[72]  N. Barengo,et al.  Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study , 2009, Public Health Nutrition.

[73]  Andrea Gaggioli,et al.  The Green Valley: The Use of Mobile Narratives for Reducing Stress in Commuters , 2009, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[74]  D. Scherr,et al.  Effect of Home-Based Telemonitoring Using Mobile Phone Technology on the Outcome of Heart Failure Patients After an Episode of Acute Decompensation: Randomized Controlled Trial , 2009, Journal of medical Internet research.

[75]  C. Free,et al.  Txt2stop: a pilot randomised controlled trial of mobile phone-based smoking cessation support , 2009, Tobacco Control.

[76]  M. Perugini,et al.  Can the effects of implementation intentions on exercise be enhanced using text messages? , 2009, Psychology & health.

[77]  Giuseppe Riva,et al.  Virtual Reality on Mobile Phones to Reduce Anxiety in Outpatient Surgery , 2009, MMVR.

[78]  K. Newton,et al.  Pedometers and Text Messaging to Increase Physical Activity , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[79]  David A Hanauer,et al.  Computerized Automated Reminder Diabetes System (CARDS): e-mail and SMS cell phone text messaging reminders to support diabetes management. , 2009, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[80]  T. Sbrocco,et al.  Adherence and weight loss outcomes associated with food-exercise diary preference in a military weight management program. , 2009, Eating behaviors.

[81]  E. Balas,et al.  Healthcare via cell phones: a systematic review. , 2009, Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association.

[82]  Marci K Campbell,et al.  Pounds Off Digitally study: a randomized podcasting weight-loss intervention. , 2009, American journal of preventive medicine.

[83]  Jae-Hyoung Cho,et al.  Mobile communication using a mobile phone with a glucometer for glucose control in Type 2 patients with diabetes: as effective as an Internet-based glucose monitoring system , 2009, Journal of telemedicine and telecare.

[84]  H J Yoo,et al.  A Ubiquitous Chronic Disease Care system using cellular phones and the internet , 2009, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[85]  Z. Yen,et al.  Interactive video instruction improves the quality of dispatcher-assisted chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation in simulated cardiac arrests* , 2009, Critical care medicine.

[86]  Yufei Yuan,et al.  Can wireless text messaging improve adherence to preventive activities? Results of a randomised controlled trial , 2009, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[87]  H. Chung,et al.  Animation-assisted CPRII program as a reminder tool in achieving effective one-person-CPR performance. , 2009, Resuscitation.

[88]  Seth Wolpin,et al.  Pilot study of a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention post-rehabilitation for COPD , 2009, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[89]  M. Dew,et al.  Evaluation of a hand‐held, computer‐based intervention to promote early self‐care behaviors after lung transplant , 2009, Clinical transplantation.

[90]  Stephen Colagiuri,et al.  Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[91]  Rémy Michel,et al.  Use of short message service (SMS) to improve malaria chemoprophylaxis compliance after returning from a malaria endemic area , 2009, Malaria Journal.

[92]  Stein R. Bolle,et al.  Can video mobile phones improve CPR quality when used for dispatcher assistance during simulated cardiac arrest? , 2009, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[93]  B. Fjeldsoe,et al.  Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile telephone short-message service. , 2009, American journal of preventive medicine.

[94]  T. Fahey,et al.  Self-monitoring and other non-pharmacological interventions to improve the management of hypertension in primary care: a systematic review. , 2010, The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

[95]  Vibeke Backer,et al.  A daily SMS reminder increases adherence to asthma treatment: a three-month follow-up study. , 2010, Respiratory medicine.

[96]  W. Jack,et al.  Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial , 2010, The Lancet.

[97]  Judith A. Long,et al.  Cell phone cardiopulmonary resuscitation: audio instructions when needed by lay rescuers: a randomized, controlled trial. , 2010, Annals of emergency medicine.

[98]  H. Kuo,et al.  A mobile telephone-based interactive self-care system improves asthma control , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[99]  Jonathan J. Evans,et al.  SMS text messaging as a means of increasing recall of therapy goals in brain injury rehabilitation: A single-blind within-subjects trial , 2010, Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

[100]  Michele Tarsilla Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions , 2010, Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation.

[101]  A. Haines,et al.  The effectiveness of M-health technologies for improving health and health services: a systematic review protocol , 2010, BMC Research Notes.

[102]  H. Cole-Lewis,et al.  Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management. , 2010, Epidemiologic reviews.

[103]  Judy Gold,et al.  What's in a message? Delivering sexual health promotion to young people in Australia via text messaging , 2010, BMC public health.

[104]  W H Brouwer,et al.  The efficacy of SMS text messages to compensate for the effects of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. , 2010, The British journal of clinical psychology.

[105]  L. Prabhakaran,et al.  The use of text messaging to improve asthma control: a pilot study using the mobile phone short messaging service (SMS) , 2010, Journal of telemedicine and telecare.

[106]  Shelley Hurwitz,et al.  Using Daily Text-Message Reminders to Improve Adherence With Oral Contraceptives: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2010, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[107]  G. Riva,et al.  Virtual reality in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorders. , 2010, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[108]  J. Smyth,et al.  Ecological momentary interventions: incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments. , 2010, British journal of health psychology.

[109]  Brianna S Fjeldsoe,et al.  MobileMums: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an SMS-Based Physical Activity Intervention , 2010, Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.

[110]  M. Perugini,et al.  Can implementation intentions and text messages promote brisk walking? A randomized trial. , 2010, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[111]  R. Lawton,et al.  Physical activity and adolescents: an exploratory randomized controlled trial investigating the influence of affective and instrumental text messages. , 2010, British journal of health psychology.

[112]  Shelley Hurwitz,et al.  Erratum: Eating disorders in the obstetric and gynecologic patient population (Obstetrics and Gynecology (2009) 114 (1353-1367)) , 2010 .

[113]  M. Kenward,et al.  Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomised trial , 2011, The Lancet.

[114]  M. Lim,et al.  Impact of text and email messaging on the sexual health of young people: a randomised controlled trial , 2011, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[115]  Dan Myung,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of a personalized cellular phone reminder system to enhance adherence to antiretroviral therapy. , 2011, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[116]  Tomohiko Sakai,et al.  Effectiveness of the new 'Mobile AED Map' to find and retrieve an AED: A randomised controlled trial. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[117]  Sylvia Tan,et al.  Efficacy of a Randomized Cell Phone-Based Counseling Intervention in Postponing Subsequent Pregnancy Among Teen Mothers , 2011, Maternal and Child Health Journal.

[118]  D. Tate,et al.  Tweets, Apps, and Pods: Results of the 6-Month Mobile Pounds Off Digitally (Mobile POD) Randomized Weight-Loss Intervention Among Adults , 2011, Journal of medical Internet research.

[119]  K. Park,et al.  Improved Glycemic Control Without Hypoglycemia in Elderly Diabetic Patients Using the Ubiquitous Healthcare Service, a New Medical Information System , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[120]  D. Halpin,et al.  A randomised controlled trial of the effect of automated interactive calling combined with a health risk forecast on frequency and severity of exacerbations of COPD assessed clinically and using EXACT PRO. , 2011, Primary care respiratory journal : journal of the General Practice Airways Group.

[121]  Gi Woon Kim,et al.  The effect of a cellular-phone video demonstration to improve the quality of dispatcher-assisted chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation as compared with audio coaching. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[122]  Osamu Tochikubo,et al.  Effect of Salt Reduction Intervention Program Using an Electronic Salt Sensor and Cellular Phone on Blood Pressure Among Hypertensive Workers , 2011, Clinical and experimental hypertension.

[123]  R. Whittaker,et al.  A Theory-Based Video Messaging Mobile Phone Intervention for Smoking Cessation: Randomized Controlled Trial , 2011, Journal of medical Internet research.

[124]  W. Hussein,et al.  Effectiveness of mobile phone short message service on diabetes mellitus management; the SMS-DM study. , 2011, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[125]  S. Pongpanich,et al.  Tuberculosis treatment with mobile-phone medication reminders in northern Thailand. , 2011, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[126]  S. Brophy,et al.  Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[127]  Noncontrast chest computed tomography immediately after transarterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical benefits and effect of radiation reduction on image quality in low-dose scanning. , 2011, European journal of radiology.

[128]  Ratika Sharma,et al.  Mobile-phone text messaging (SMS) for providing oral health education to mothers of preschool children in Belgaum City , 2011, Journal of telemedicine and telecare.

[129]  C. Quinn,et al.  Cluster-Randomized Trial of a Mobile Phone Personalized Behavioral Intervention for Blood Glucose Control , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[130]  Cristian Pop-Eleches,et al.  Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders , 2011, AIDS.

[131]  G. Hamadeh,et al.  The effect of two types of sms-texts on the uptake of screening mammogram: a randomized controlled trial. , 2011, Preventive medicine.

[132]  Federico Semeraro,et al.  iCPR: a new application of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. , 2011, Resuscitation.

[133]  R. Hurling,et al.  Exploratory Study of Web-Based Planning and Mobile Text Reminders in an Overweight Population , 2011, Journal of medical Internet research.

[134]  M. Sevick,et al.  The Effect of Electronic Self‐Monitoring on Weight Loss and Dietary Intake: A Randomized Behavioral Weight Loss Trial , 2011, Obesity.

[135]  Ambady Ramachandran,et al.  Reinforcement of adherence to prescription recommendations in Asian Indian diabetes patients using short message service (SMS)--a pilot study. , 2011, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[136]  Paul Turner,et al.  Enhancing Self-Efficacy for Self-Management in People with Cystic Fibrosis , 2011, MIE.

[137]  Denise White,et al.  Brief behavioral self-regulation counseling for HIV treatment adherence delivered by cell phone: an initial test of concept trial. , 2011, AIDS patient care and STDs.

[138]  M. Sevick,et al.  Using mHealth technology to enhance self-monitoring for weight loss: a randomized trial. , 2012, American journal of preventive medicine.

[139]  Elizabeth Broadbent,et al.  A text message programme designed to modify patients’ illness and treatment beliefs improves self-reported adherence to asthma preventer , 2012, British journal of health psychology.

[140]  Heather J Ross,et al.  Mobile Phone-Based Telemonitoring for Heart Failure Management: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2012, Journal of medical Internet research.

[141]  Robert A. Vigersky,et al.  Mobile Phone-Based Video Messages for Diabetes Self-Care Support , 2012, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[142]  Heimar F. Marin,et al.  Results of a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of a mobile SMS-based intervention on treatment adherence in HIV/AIDS-infected Brazilian women and impressions and satisfaction with respect to incoming messages , 2012, Int. J. Medical Informatics.

[143]  Stephen Sutton,et al.  Randomized controlled trial evaluation of a tailored leaflet and SMS text message self-help intervention for pregnant smokers (MiQuit). , 2012, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[144]  Lena Sanci,et al.  Self-monitoring Using Mobile Phones in the Early Stages of Adolescent Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial , 2012, Journal of medical Internet research.

[145]  Victoria Nembaware,et al.  Investigation into the use of short message services to expand uptake of human immunodeficiency virus testing, and whether content and dosage have impact. , 2012, Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association.

[146]  S. Lund,et al.  Mobile phones as a health communication tool to improve skilled attendance at delivery in Zanzibar: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial , 2012, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[147]  The effect of squad leader mentors through short message services for mobile phones in promoting safe sex among first (central) army area conscripts of Thailand. , 2012, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet.

[148]  D. Vidrine,et al.  Efficacy of cell phone-delivered smoking cessation counseling for persons living with HIV/AIDS: 3-month outcomes. , 2012, Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.

[149]  Clifton Callaway,et al.  Text-message-based drinking assessments and brief interventions for young adults discharged from the emergency department. , 2012, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[150]  Roberto Somolinos,et al.  Evaluation of a Telemedicine Service for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease , 2012, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[151]  Shanthi Ameratunga,et al.  MEMO—A Mobile Phone Depression Prevention Intervention for Adolescents: Development Process and Postprogram Findings on Acceptability From a Randomized Controlled Trial , 2012, Journal of medical Internet research.

[152]  C. Guerriero,et al.  The cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation support delivered by mobile phone text messaging: Txt2stop , 2012, The European Journal of Health Economics.

[153]  George C Patton,et al.  Using a mobile phone application in youth mental health - an evaluation study. , 2012, Australian family physician.

[154]  Jan Passchier,et al.  Short message service reduces dropout in childhood obesity treatment: a randomized controlled trial. , 2012, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[155]  Mitra Zolfaghari,et al.  The impact of nurse short message services and telephone follow-ups on diabetic adherence: which one is more effective? , 2012, Journal of clinical nursing.

[156]  David K Vawdrey,et al.  Effect of a text messaging intervention on influenza vaccination in an urban, low-income pediatric and adolescent population: a randomized controlled trial. , 2012, JAMA.

[157]  L. Tarassenko,et al.  Clinical and cost effectiveness of mobile phone supported self monitoring of asthma: multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[158]  Paula M Castaño,et al.  Effect of Daily Text Messages on Oral Contraceptive Continuation: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2012, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[159]  A. Haines,et al.  The Effectiveness of Mobile-Health Technologies to Improve Health Care Service Delivery Processes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2013, PLoS medicine.

[160]  J. Higgins,et al.  Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration , 2013 .

[161]  R. Haynes,et al.  Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. , 2008, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.