Prediction of nonlinear acoustic effects at biomedical frequencies and intensities.

Abstract Some fundamentals of nonlinear acoustics are reviewed to facilitate their consideration in biomedical ultrasound. The phenomena described include acoustic nonlinearity, finite amplitude distortion, shock formation, harmonic components, nonlinearly induced absorption, saturation, and the influence of these effects on ultrasonic beams. The simplified results of several theoretical derivations are presented and employed in illustrative calculations and plots. These maybe used to ascertain the importance of nonlinear effects in applications involving plane waves, spherically diverging waves, and spherically converging (focused) waves. A discussion of relevant experiments is given, along with some comments on possible consequences in diagnostic, surgical, and theraputic applications.

[1]  D. T. Blackstock,et al.  Acoustic saturation of spherical waves in water , 1974 .

[2]  D. Firth.  Finite-amplitude wave effects in fluids: Edited by L. Bjørno I.P.C. Science and Technology Press Ltd, London, 1974. 282 pp. £14.00 , 1974 .

[3]  Oleg V. Rudenko,et al.  Theoretical Foundations of Nonlinear Acoustics , 1977 .

[4]  W. K. Law,et al.  Demonstration of nonlinear acoustical effects at biomedical frequencies and intensities. , 1980, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[5]  D. Blackstock.  Thermoviscous Attenuation of Plane, Periodic, Finite‐Amplitude Sound Waves , 1964 .

[6]  R. Beyer,et al.  Measurement of the Distortion of Finite Ultrasonic Waves in Liquids by a Pulse Method , 1962 .

[7]  David T. Blackstock,et al.  Connection between the Fay and Fubini Solutions for Plane Sound Waves of Finite Amplitude , 1966 .

[8]  R. Beyer,et al.  Ultrasonic Radiation Field of a Focusing Spherical Source at Finite Amplitudes , 1966 .

[9]  T. Muir,et al.  Nonlinear Effects in Acoustic Imaging , 1980 .

[10]  P L Carson,et al.  Ultrasonic power and intensities produced by diagnostic ultrasound equipment. , 1978, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[11]  L. Zarembo,et al.  On the Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves of Finite Amplitude in Liquids , 1957 .

[12]  D. T. Blackstock,et al.  Directive harmonic generation in the radiation field of a circular piston , 1973 .

[13]  D. E. Gray,et al.  American Institute of Physics Handbook , 1957 .

[14]  S. Wittenberg,et al.  Improvement in the measurement of intraocular distances using ultrasound. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.