Effects of a contoured apex on vortex breakdown

References g, P. K., Control of Flow Separation, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976, pp. 251-277. Howard, F. G., Quass, B. F., Weinstein, L. M., and Bushnell, D. M., "Longitudinal Afterbody Grooves and Shoulder Radiusing for Low-Speed Bluff Body Drag Reduction," American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Paper 81-WA/FE-5, Nov. 1981. 3 Howard, F. G. and Goodman, W. L., "Axisymmetric Bluff-Body Drag Reduction Through Geometrical Modification," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, June 1985, pp. 516-522. Quass, B., Howard, F., Weinstein, L., and Bushnell, D., "Longitudinal Grooves for Bluff-Body Drag Reduction," AIAA Journal, Vol. 19, April 1981, pp. 535-537. Lin, J. C., Howard, F. G., and Selby, G. V., "Turbulent FlowSeparation Control Through Passive Techniques," AIAA Paper 890976, March 1989.