Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management to adult children’s discussions of caregiving with aging parents

Adult children are perhaps the most important source of eldercare for aging parents. Unfortunately, they rarely discuss potential eldercare arrangements with their parents prior to adopting a caregiving role, which may make adapting to the parent’s transition to dependency all the more challenging. The Theory of Motivated Information Management (TMIM) is a social-psychological framework that has had success predicting information-seeking decisions about health issues. As such, it served as the theoretical basis for examining adult children’s pursuit of information from their elderly parents about caregiving preferences. In addition, this study serves as the first empirical test of a revised version of the TMIM, with an expanded treatment of the role played by emotion. The results of an over-time study attest to the utility of the revised TMIM predictions in this context, and offer insight into the factors that predict adult children’s decision to discuss caregiving with their parents.

[1]  C. Carver,et al.  On the Self-Regulation of Behavior , 1998 .

[2]  L. L. Shaw,et al.  Information function of empathic emotion: learning that we value the other's welfare , 1995 .

[3]  E. Hay,et al.  The Worries Adult Children and Their Parents Experience for One Another , 2008, International journal of aging & human development.

[4]  S. Sörensen Predictors of Anticipating Caregiving in Multigeneration Families: An Exploratory Study , 1998 .

[5]  K. Cain,et al.  Physicians' and spouses' predictions of elderly patients' resuscitation preferences. , 1988, Journal of gerontology.

[6]  P. Archbold Impact of Parent-Caring on Women. , 1983 .

[7]  D. Brashers Communication and Uncertainty Management. , 2001 .

[8]  R. L. Holbert,et al.  Structural Equation Modeling in the Communication Sciences, 1995–2000 , 2002 .

[9]  Adrienne Jones The National Nursing Home Survey: 1999 summary. , 2002, Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Survey.

[10]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Seeking Information About Sexual Health: Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2006 .

[11]  G. Rowles,et al.  Nursing home residents, families, and decision making: Toward an understanding of progressive surrogacy , 1995 .

[12]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Preparation for future care needs by West and East German older adults. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[13]  A. Babrow,et al.  Uncertainty, Value, Communication, and Problematic Integration , 2001 .

[14]  Mark H. Davis Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. , 1983 .

[15]  J. Nussbaum,et al.  Mother-Adult Daughter Discussions of Caregiving Prior to Dependency: Exploring Conflicts Among European-American Women , 2001 .

[16]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[17]  M. Pd,et al.  Assessing filial maturity through the use of the Filial Anxiety Scale. , 1995 .

[18]  A. J. Walker,et al.  Autonomy and decision making between single older women and their caregiving daughters. , 1989, The Gerontologist.

[19]  K. Pillemer,et al.  Aged parents and aging children: determinants of relationship quality. , 1993 .

[20]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Psychological Outcomes of Preparation for Future Care Needs , 2002 .

[21]  E. Hay,et al.  The experience of worry in parent–adult child relationships , 2007 .

[22]  Anticipatory Caregiving Anxiety Among Older Women and Men , 2001, Journal of women & aging.

[23]  T. Killian,et al.  Life Course Transitions and Depressive Symptoms among Women in Midlife , 2004, International journal of aging & human development.

[24]  Carla L. Fisher,et al.  Attitudes Toward Decision Making and Aging, and Preparation for Future Care Needs , 2009, Health communication.

[25]  D. Hoyert,et al.  Factors Related to the Well-Being and Life Activities of Family Caregivers. , 1992 .

[26]  E. Clipp,et al.  Caregivers' reasons for nursing home placement: clues for improving discussions with families prior to the transition. , 2006, The Gerontologist.

[27]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcomes of family caregiving: a meta-analysis. , 2005, The Gerontologist.

[28]  C. Berger,et al.  SOME EXPLORATIONS IN INITIAL INTERACTION AND BEYOND: TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION , 1975 .

[29]  J. Stainer,et al.  The Emotions , 1922, Nature.

[30]  L. Pecchioni Implicit Decision-Making in Family Caregiving , 2001 .

[31]  G. Deimling,et al.  Care-related decision-making satisfaction and caregiver well-being in families caring for older members. , 1997, The Gerontologist.

[32]  Adult Children with Frail Elderly Parents: When to Intervene? , 1990 .

[33]  Christopher R. Morse,et al.  The Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2013 .

[34]  K. Donato,et al.  The Consequences of Caregiving: Effects on Women’s Employment and Earnings , 2005 .

[35]  Mark Bromley Planning for long-term care: filial behavior and relationship quality of adult children with independent parents , 1997 .

[36]  S. Petronio Boundaries of Privacy: Dialectics of Disclosure , 2002 .

[37]  T. E. Mitchell,et al.  Adult Children and Their Parents' Expectations of Future Elder Care Needs , 2007, Journal of aging and health.

[38]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Avoidance among adolescents in conversations about their parents’ relationship: Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2009 .

[39]  Rajiv N. Rimal,et al.  The Role of Anxiety in Seeking and Retaining Risk Information: Testing the Risk Perception Attitude Framework in Two Studies , 2006 .

[40]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Expanding the Role of Emotion in the Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2009 .

[41]  J. Gaugler,et al.  Caregiving and Institutionization: Perceptions of Family Conflict and Socioemotional Support , 1999, International journal of aging & human development.

[42]  Susan E. Morgan,et al.  Examining the Decision to Talk with Family About Organ Donation: Applying the Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2006 .

[43]  C. Cassel,et al.  Treatment choices at the end of life: a comparison of decisions by older patients and their physician-selected proxies. , 1989, The Gerontologist.

[44]  M. Lieberman,et al.  The effects of family conflict resolution and decision making on the provision of help for an elder with Alzheimer's disease. , 1999, The Gerontologist.

[45]  V. Cicirelli Mothers' and Daughters' Paternalism Beliefs and Caregiving Decision Making , 2003 .

[46]  Mary Ann McColl,et al.  Factors affecting long-term-care residents' decision-making processes as they formulate advance directives. , 2005, The Gerontologist.

[47]  J. Dillard,et al.  Empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior , 1988 .

[48]  S. Chaiken The heuristic model of persuasion. , 1987 .

[49]  V. Cicirelli Family Caregiving: Autonomous and Paternalistic Decision Making , 1991 .

[50]  Alan L. Sillars,et al.  Implicit and Explicit Decision-Making Styles in Couples , 1989 .

[51]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Toward a Theory of Motivated Information Management , 2004 .

[52]  A. Bandura Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[53]  M. Pinquart,et al.  Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[54]  J. Nussbaum,et al.  The Influence of Autonomy and Paternalism on Communicative Behaviors in Mother-Daughter Relationships Prior to Dependency , 2000, Health communication.

[55]  J. Hare,et al.  Agreement between patients and their self-selected surrogates on difficult medical decisions. , 1992, Archives of internal medicine.

[56]  M. Caserta,et al.  Factors affecting marital happiness of caregivers of the elderly in multigenerational families , 1992 .

[57]  C. Carver,et al.  On the Self-Regulation of Behavior , 1998 .

[58]  R. Lazarus Cognition and motivation in emotion. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[59]  Elizabeth A. Mulligan,et al.  Family, Know Thyself: A Workbook-Based Intergenerational Intervention to Improve Parent Care Coordination , 2009 .

[60]  Walid A. Afifi,et al.  Examining predictors and consequences of information seeking in close relationships , 2004 .

[61]  V. Cicirelli A measure of filial anxiety regarding anticipated care of elderly parents. , 1988, The Gerontologist.

[62]  S. Petronio Communication Boundary Management: A Theoretical Model of Managing Disclosure of Private Information Between Marital Couples , 1991 .

[63]  J. Wolff,et al.  Caregivers of frail elders: updating a national profile. , 2006, The Gerontologist.

[64]  C. Pratt,et al.  Ethical concerns of family caregivers to dementia patients. , 1987, The Gerontologist.

[65]  R. Lance Holbert,et al.  A Monte Carlo Simulation of Observable Versus Latent Variable Structural Equation Modeling Techniques , 2003, Commun. Res..

[66]  Filial responsibility expectations among adult child-older parent pairs. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.