The muscle standardized femur: A step forward in the replication of numerical studies in biomechanics

Abstract The standardized femur is the computer aided design (CAD) solid model of a synthetic human femur, commonly used in experiments in vitro, available in the public domain through the International Society of Biomechanics Finite Element Mesh Repository. Currently used by hundreds of researchers, it was made available to simplify the experimental cross-validation of numerical studies as well as their replication by other researchers. One aspect that the standardized femur left uncovered is the definition of muscles and ligaments. In particular, for a variety of simulations it would be extremely useful to map on to the femoral surface the insertion of the principal muscles. The aim of the present study was to create a new solid model, called the muscle standardized femur, where the femoral insertion of each muscle is mapped on to the surface of the femur. Published data on muscle insertion morphometry were registered to the model by applying an affine scaling defined on bone landmarks. Good agreement was found with another similar study in which only the insertion centres were defined. The new model will be made available in the public domain for no-profit uses. When combined with published data on the direction and intensity of muscular forces this model is expected to make a useful contribution to the steadily growing library of models and data sets made available to the biomechanical community.