The Escalation of Commitment To a Course of Action

There are many instances in which individuals can become locked into a costly course of action. Because it is often possible for persons who have suffered a setback to recoup their losses through an even greater commitment of resources to the same course of action, a cycle of escalating commitment can be produced. In this paper, I review recent research on the escalation of commitment and try to integrate its complex and often conflicting determinants.

[1]  L. Festinger A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 1957 .

[2]  R. W. White Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence. , 1959, Psychological review.

[3]  L. Festinger,et al.  Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. , 2011, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[4]  William H. Read,et al.  Upward Communication in Industrial Hierarchies , 1962 .

[5]  J. Brehm,et al.  Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance , 1962 .

[6]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[7]  K. Weick REDUCTION OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THROUGH TASK ENHANCEMENT AND EFFORT EXPENDITURE. , 1964, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[8]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Decision freedom as a determinant of the role of incentive magnitude in attitude change. , 1967 .

[9]  R. A. Jones,et al.  The effect on dissonance of surprise consequences , 1970 .

[10]  Donald T. Campbell,et al.  Reforms as Experiments , 1969 .

[11]  J. Cooper Personal responsibility and dissonance: The role of foreseen consequences. , 1971 .

[12]  A. Bandura Psychological Modeling; Conflicting Theories , 1971 .

[13]  I. Janis Victims Of Groupthink , 1972 .

[14]  E. Aronson,et al.  The Social Animal , 1973 .

[15]  B. Collins,et al.  Personal responsibility-for-consequences: An integration and extension of the “forced compliance” literature , 1972 .

[16]  A. K. Basu A Theory of Decision-Making , 1973, The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare.

[17]  Michael S. Pallak,et al.  Bad decisions: Effect of volition, locus of causality, and negative consequences on attitude change. , 1974 .

[18]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of changing a major organizational reward: A natural field experiment. , 1974 .

[19]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[20]  R. A. Wicklund,et al.  Perspectives on cognitive dissonance , 1976 .

[21]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. , 1976 .

[22]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  New Directions in Organizational Behavior , 1976 .

[23]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Escalation: The Determinants of Commitment to a Chosen Course of Action , 1977 .

[24]  Jeffrey Pfeffer,et al.  The Ambiguity of Leadership , 1977 .

[25]  L. Ross The Intuitive Psychologist And His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process1 , 1977 .

[26]  I. Ajzen,et al.  Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , 1977 .

[27]  Bobby J. Calder,et al.  An Attribution Theory of Leadership , 1977 .

[28]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Behavioral Decision Theory , 1977 .

[29]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Commitment to a Policy Decision: A Multi-Theoretical Perspective. , 1978 .

[30]  L. Ross,et al.  Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence , 1979 .

[31]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  The Trapped Administrator: Effects of Job Insecurity and Policy Resistance upon Commitment to a Course of Action. , 1979 .

[32]  J. Cooper,et al.  Role of foreseen, foreseeable, and unforeseeable behavioral consequences in the arousal of cognitive dissonance , 1979 .

[33]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Commitment in an experimenting society: A study of the attribution of leadership from administrative scenarios. , 1980 .

[34]  Edward J. Conlon,et al.  The moderating effects of strategy, visibility, and involvement on allocation behavior: An extension of Staw's escalation paradigm. , 1980 .

[35]  Charles A. O'Reilly,et al.  Responses to Failure: The Effects of Choice and Responsibility on Impression Management , 1982 .