Growth kinetics of ice from the vapour phase and its growth forms

A new interpretation of the habits of ice growing from vapour is proposed. The basic habits of ice alternate three times: plates (A) → -4°C → columns (B) → -10°C → plates (C) → between -20°C and -35°C → columns (D). The theory is based on a view- that the surface of ice just below 0°C is covered with a quasi-liquid layer, whose thickness ϑ or coverage δ decreases with falling temperature, and therefore the growth mechanism of a crystal face changes also as follows: (I) Vapour—Quasi-Liquid— Solid mechanism (δ > 1), (II) Adhesive Growth on a surface strongly adsorbed by H2O molecules (0.02 < δ < 1) and (III) Two- Dimensional Nucleation Growth on a surface with low eigen adsorption (δ < 0.02). The type of surface structure and consequently the growth mechanism depends on the surface orientation and the temperature. The complicated habit change is caused mainly by the combination of surface kinetics of the {0001} and {10110} face. The first and second conversion temperature (TAB, TBC) are expected to be independent of the absolute supersaturation δP as found in experiments. On the other hand, the third (TCD) is the temperature where the usual two-dimensional nucleation growth rate of the {0001} face reaches the one of the {1010} face, and exceeds it by the effect of diffusion field, so that the third conversion temperature falls with decreasing δP. The marked columnar crystals observed at -7°C can be explained only by taking into account the spherical volume diffusion field near the {0001} face and a cylindrical one near the {10110} face. For plate-like crystals between -10°C and -20°C to -35°C the surface diffusion from {0001} to {1010} and volume diffision with cylindrical symmetry near {10110} faces is very important.

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