An official systematic review of the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society: measurement properties of field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease

This systematic review examined the measurement properties of the 6-min walk test (6MWT), incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT) in adults with chronic respiratory disease. Studies that report the evaluation or use of the 6MWT, ISWT or ESWT were included. We searched electronic databases for studies published between January 2000 and September 2013. The 6-min walking distance (6MWD) is a reliable measure (intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.82 to 0.99 in seven studies). There is a learning effect, with greater distance walked on the second test (pooled mean improvement of 26 m in 13 studies). Reliability was similar for ISWT and ESWT, with a learning effect also evident for ISWT (pooled mean improvement of 20 m in six studies). The 6MWD correlates more strongly with peak work capacity (r=0.59–0.93) and physical activity (r=0.40–0.85) than with respiratory function (r=0.10–0.59). Methodological factors affecting 6MWD include track length, encouragement, supplemental oxygen and walking aids. Supplemental oxygen also affects ISWT and ESWT performance. Responsiveness was moderate to high for all tests, with greater responsiveness to interventions that included exercise training. The findings of this review demonstrate that the 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT are robust tests of functional exercise capacity in adults with chronic respiratory disease. Systematic review: support for use of the 6MWT, ISWT and ESWT in adults with chronic respiratory disease http://ow.ly/Bq2Mz

[1]  D. Caillaud,et al.  Impact of current cough on health-related quality of life in patients with COPD , 2016, International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

[2]  Y. Lacasse,et al.  Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2015, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[3]  Thierry Troosters,et al.  An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease , 2014, European Respiratory Journal.

[4]  M. Chuang,et al.  Kinetics of Changes in Oxyhemoglobin Saturation During Walking and Cycling Tests in COPD , 2014, Respiratory Care.

[5]  S. Nathan,et al.  The influence of alternative instruction on 6-min walk test distance. , 2013, Chest.

[6]  N. Harris,et al.  Activity levels after pulmonary rehabilitation - what really happens? , 2013, Physiotherapy.

[7]  Emmylou Beekman,et al.  Course length of 30 metres versus 10 metres has a significant influence on six-minute walk distance in patients with COPD: an experimental crossover study. , 2013, Journal of physiotherapy.

[8]  M. Humbert,et al.  Pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2013, Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.

[9]  A. Holland,et al.  Impaired chronotropic response to 6-min walk test and reduced survival in interstitial lung disease. , 2013, Respiratory medicine.

[10]  R. Rodríguez-Roisín,et al.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of Six-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: minimal clinically important difference for death or hospitalization. , 2013 .

[11]  L. Edwards,et al.  Six-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: minimal clinically important difference for death or hospitalization. , 2013, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[12]  D. Brooks,et al.  Physical Activity Profile of Lung Transplant Candidates With Interstitial Lung Disease , 2013, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[13]  J. Alison,et al.  Functional exercise capacity and health-related quality of life in people with asbestos related pleural disease: an observational study , 2013, BMC Pulmonary Medicine.

[14]  J. van der Palen,et al.  Relationship between daily physical activity and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. , 2013, Respiratory medicine.

[15]  R. Dweik,et al.  Heart rate recovery predicts clinical worsening in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[16]  C. Carvalho,et al.  Exercise performance and dynamic hyperinflation in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[17]  M. Puhan,et al.  The minimal important difference in the 6-minute walk test for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[18]  J. Newman,et al.  Physical activity limitation as measured by accelerometry in pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2012, Chest.

[19]  D. Brooks,et al.  A simple method to derive speed for the endurance shuttle walk test. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[20]  C. Carvalho,et al.  Physical Activity In Daily Life In Brazilian COPD Patients During and After Exacerbation , 2012, COPD.

[21]  V. Ninane,et al.  Déterminants de la distance parcourue et de la dyspnée lors du test de marche de six minutes chez les patients atteints de BPCO , 2012 .

[22]  K. McCarthy,et al.  Impact of pulmonary hemodynamics on 6-min walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2012, Respiratory Medicine.

[23]  Q. Yi,et al.  Relationship between 6-minute walk test and pulmonary function test in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with different severities. , 2012, Chinese medical journal.

[24]  C. Özge,et al.  An Integrated Index Combined by Dynamic Hyperinflation and Exercise Capacity in the Prediction of Morbidity and Mortality in COPD , 2012, Respiratory Care.

[25]  A. Lopes,et al.  Lack of tight association between quality of life and exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2012, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[26]  L. Holsti,et al.  Pain in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[27]  J. Alison,et al.  Prescription of Walking Exercise Intensity from the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2012, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[28]  L. Samavati,et al.  Distance saturation product predicts health–related quality of life among sarcoidosis patients , 2012, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.

[29]  O. Hilberg,et al.  Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: prevalence, prognosis and 6 min walk test. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[30]  Kenneth Meijer,et al.  Differences in Walking Pattern during 6-Min Walk Test between Patients with COPD and Healthy Subjects , 2012, PloS one.

[31]  E. Wouters,et al.  Inaccuracy of Estimating Peak Work Rate from Six-Minute Walk Distance in Patients with COPD , 2012, COPD.

[32]  P. Bakke,et al.  Different COPD Disease Characteristics are Related to Different Outcomes in the 6-minute Walk Test , 2012, COPD.

[33]  A. Peacock,et al.  Predicting survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension in the UK , 2012, European Respiratory Journal.

[34]  K. Meijer,et al.  The effects of a "new" walking aid on exercise performance in patients with COPD: a randomized crossover trial. , 2012, Chest.

[35]  P. Eastwood,et al.  Relationship between body composition, peripheral muscle strength and functional exercise capacity in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2012, Internal medicine journal.

[36]  R. Doughty,et al.  The six‐minute walk test using forehead oximetry is reliable in the assessment of scleroderma lung disease , 2012, Respirology.

[37]  G. Verleden,et al.  Determinants of physical activity in daily life in candidates for lung transplantation. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[38]  Interstitial lung abnormalities and reduced exercise capacity. , 2012, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[39]  R. Casaburi,et al.  Six-minute walk distance predictors, including CT scan measures, in the COPDGene cohort. , 2012, Chest.

[40]  J. Neder,et al.  Heart rate recovery in pulmonary arterial hypertension: relationship with exercise capacity and prognosis. , 2012, American heart journal.

[41]  E. Russi,et al.  Cardiac Autonomic Function and Cardiovascular Response to Exercise in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2012, COPD.

[42]  J. Bott,et al.  Ambulatory oxygen improves the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2012, Chronic respiratory disease.

[43]  L. Edwards,et al.  Predicting outcomes from 6-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2012, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[44]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Development of the i-BODE: validation of the incremental shuttle walking test within the BODE index. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[45]  M. Maddocks,et al.  Factors influencing exercise performance in thoracic cancer. , 2012, Respiratory medicine.

[46]  D. Brooks,et al.  Defining the relationship between average daily energy expenditure and field-based walking tests and aerobic reserve in COPD. , 2012, Chest.

[47]  Y. Wu,et al.  The Correlations of the Six-minute Walk Test and Respiratory Functions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients with Chronic Hypercapnia , 2012 .

[48]  D. Brooks,et al.  Comparing peak and submaximal cardiorespiratory responses during field walking tests with incremental cycle ergometry in COPD , 2012, Respirology.

[49]  E. Russi,et al.  Prevalence and Prediction of Exercise-Induced Oxygen Desaturation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2012, Respiration.

[50]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Reference values for the incremental shuttle walking test. , 2011, Respiratory medicine.

[51]  Antônio Augusto,et al.  Ausência de Estreita Associação entre Qualidade de Vida e Capacidade de Exercício na Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar Lack of Tight Association Between Quality of Life and Exercise Capacity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension , 2012 .

[52]  V. Ninane,et al.  [Determining factors of walking distance during 6-minutes walk test in COPD patients]. , 2012, Revue des maladies respiratoires.

[53]  H. Ellidokuz,et al.  [Mortality and factors affecting mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. , 2012, Tuberkuloz ve toraks.

[54]  M. Post,et al.  Clinical Worsening During Long-Term Follow-Up in Inoperable Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension , 2012, Lung.

[55]  M. Morgan,et al.  S120 Reference values for the incremental shuttle walking test in a healthy population , 2011, Thorax.

[56]  M. Polkey,et al.  S119 UK HOT-HMV Trial: Acceptability and tolerability of high pressure domiciliary non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in COPD , 2011, Thorax.

[57]  F. Maltais,et al.  Assessment of Daily Life Physical Activities in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension , 2011, PloS one.

[58]  D. Brooks,et al.  The 6-min walk test: responses in healthy Canadians aged 45 to 85 years. , 2011, Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.

[59]  Victor Zuniga Dourado,et al.  Equações de referência para os testes de caminhada de campo em adultos saudáveis , 2011 .

[60]  C. Pereira,et al.  Teste de caminhada de seis minutos: valores de referência para adultos saudáveis no Brasil , 2011 .

[61]  A. Maiorana,et al.  Measurement properties of the 6‐min walk test in individuals with exercise‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2011, Internal medicine journal.

[62]  T. Welte,et al.  The prognostic impact of follow-up assessments in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2011, European Respiratory Journal.

[63]  L. Fabbri,et al.  Energy Expenditure at Rest and during Walking in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure: A Prospective Two-Phase Case-Control Study , 2011, PloS one.

[64]  B. Celli,et al.  Six-Minute Walking Distance in Women with COPD , 2011, COPD.

[65]  J. Bott,et al.  Is a practice incremental shuttle walk test really necessary? , 2011, Chronic respiratory disease.

[66]  Cb Fiore,et al.  Should oxyhaemoglobin saturation be monitored continuously during the 6-minute walk test? , 2011, Chronic respiratory disease.

[67]  V. Dourado,et al.  [Reference Equations for the 6-Minute Walk Test in Healthy Individuals.] , 2011 .

[68]  N. Cecins,et al.  Six‐minute walk test: observed adverse events and oxygen desaturation in a large cohort of patients with chronic lung disease , 2011, Internal medicine journal.

[69]  S. Sahn,et al.  Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference. , 2011, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[70]  K. Brown,et al.  Heart rate recovery after six‐minute walk test predicts pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis , 2011, Respirology.

[71]  M. Polkey,et al.  The COPD assessment test (CAT): response to pulmonary rehabilitation. A multicentre, prospective study , 2011, Thorax.

[72]  D. Huscher,et al.  Six-minute walk distance as a marker for disability and complaints in patients with systemic sclerosis. , 2011, Clinical and experimental rheumatology.

[73]  V. Dourado.  [Reference Equations for the 6-Minute Walk Test in Healthy Individuals.] , 2011, Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia.

[74]  T. Shim,et al.  Hypoxemia and Arrhythmia during Daily Activities and Six-minute Walk Test in Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Diseases , 2011, Journal of Korean medical science.

[75]  Dave Singh,et al.  Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and depression and fatigue in moderate clinically stable COPD , 2011, Respiratory research.

[76]  J. Alison,et al.  Shuttle Walk Tests as Outcome Measures: Are Two Incremental Shuttle Walk Tests and Two Endurance Shuttle Walk Tests Necessary? , 2011, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[77]  C. Pereira,et al.  Six-minute walk test: reference values for healthy adults in Brazil. , 2011, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[78]  K. Meijer,et al.  Reproducibility of 6-minute walking test in patients with COPD , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[79]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Significance of changes in endurance shuttle walking performance , 2010, Thorax.

[80]  G. Butcher,et al.  The endurance shuttle walk test: An alternative to the six-minute walk test for the assessment of ambulatory oxygen , 2010, Chronic respiratory disease.

[81]  S. Jenkins,et al.  Six‐minute walk test in pulmonary rehabilitation: Do all patients need a practice test? , 2010, Respirology.

[82]  M. Morgan,et al.  Shuttle Walking Test as Predictor of Survival in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Enrolled in a Rehabilitation Program , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[83]  D. Brooks,et al.  Characteristics of people with chronic lung disease who rest during the six-minute walk test. , 2010, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[84]  A. RodrigoOsses,et al.  [Reference values for the 6-minutes walking test in healthy subjects 20-80 years old]. , 2010 .

[85]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Seasonal Variations Affect Physical Activity and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Outcomes , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[86]  C. Carvalho,et al.  Desaturation – distance ratio: a new concept for a functional assessment of interstitial lung diseases , 2010, Clinics.

[87]  M. Idrees,et al.  Outcome measures of the 6 minute walk test: relationships with physiologic and computed tomography findings in patients with sarcoidosis , 2010, BMC pulmonary medicine.

[88]  B. Make,et al.  The minimal important difference of exercise tests in severe COPD , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[89]  B. Ziegler,et al.  Repeatability of the 6-minute walk test in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis. , 2010, Respiratory care.

[90]  V. Dourado,et al.  The Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in Older Brazilian Adults , 2010, Respiration.

[91]  Christopher S Coffey,et al.  Predicting Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights From the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management (REVEAL) , 2010, Circulation.

[92]  B. Celli,et al.  The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[93]  C. Lisboa,et al.  Six-Minute Walk Test and Maximum Exercise Test in Cycloergometer in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Are the Physiological Demands Equivalent? , 2010 .

[94]  Rodrigo Osses,et al.  Prueba de marcha de 6 min y ejercicio máximo en cicloergómetro en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, ¿son sus demandas fisiológicas equivalentes? , 2010 .

[95]  L. Edwards,et al.  Determinants of poor 6-min walking distance in patients with COPD: the ECLIPSE cohort. , 2010, Respiratory medicine.

[96]  A. Jackson,et al.  The six minute walk test accurately estimates mean peak oxygen uptake , 2010, BMC pulmonary medicine.

[97]  A. Holland,et al.  The 6-minute Walk Test Elicits High But Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Responses In Interstitial Lung Disease , 2010, ATS 2010.

[98]  J. Patrie,et al.  Six‐Minute Walk Distance in Patients With Severe End‐Stage COPD: ASSOCIATION WITH SURVIVAL AFTER INPATIENT PULMONARY REHABILITATION , 2010, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention.

[99]  R. Kozu,et al.  Peak power estimated from 6‐minute walk distance in Asian patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2010, Respirology.

[100]  K. McCarthy,et al.  Echocardiography, 6-minute walk distance, and distance-saturation product as predictors of pulmonary arterial hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2010, Respiratory care.

[101]  A. Peacock,et al.  The role of per cent predicted 6-min walk distance in pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2010, European Respiratory Journal.

[102]  I. Blanco,et al.  Consumo máximo de oxígeno durante la prueba de marcha de 6 minutos en la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa y en la hipertensión pulmonar , 2010 .

[103]  S. Ozalevli,et al.  GENDER EFFECT ON THE USE OF MODIFIED BORG AND VISUAL ANALOG SCALES IN THE EVALUATION OF DYSPNEA IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE , 2010 .

[104]  J. L. Valera,et al.  [Peak oxygen uptake during the six-minute walk test in diffuse interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension]. , 2010, Archivos de bronconeumologia.

[105]  A. Holland,et al.  Updating the minimal important difference for six-minute walk distance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2010, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[106]  J. Alison,et al.  Ground walk training improves functional exercise capacity more than cycle training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomised trial. , 2010, Journal of physiotherapy.

[107]  G. Raghu,et al.  The 6 minute walk in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: longitudinal changes and minimum important difference. , 2010, Thorax.

[108]  C. Delclaux,et al.  Measurement of dynamic hyperinflation after a 6-minute walk test in patients with COPD. , 2009, Chest.

[109]  J. Rizzo,et al.  Hallway versus treadmill 6-minute-walk tests in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2009, Respiratory care.

[110]  R. Panos,et al.  Exertional Desaturation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2009, COPD.

[111]  V. Dourado,et al.  The six-minute walk test and body weight-walk distance product in healthy Brazilian subjects. , 2009, Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas.

[112]  N. A. Hernandes,et al.  Perfil do nível de atividade física na vida diária de pacientes portadores de DPOC no Brasil , 2009 .

[113]  A. Holland,et al.  Small changes in six-minute walk distance are important in diffuse parenchymal lung disease. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[114]  M. Hodson,et al.  Predicting survival in end-stage cystic fibrosis. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[115]  E. López-Collazo,et al.  Daily physical activity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mainly associated with dynamic hyperinflation. , 2009, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[116]  R. D. du Bois,et al.  Heart rate recovery after 6-min walk test predicts survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2009, Chest.

[117]  J. Smith,et al.  Development, dimensions, reliability and validity of the novel Manchester COPD fatigue scale , 2009, Thorax.

[118]  Ulrike Held,et al.  Expansion of the prognostic assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the updated BODE index and the ADO index , 2009, The Lancet.

[119]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Pulmonary rehabilitation is successful for COPD irrespective of MRC dyspnoea grade. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[120]  Y. Allanore,et al.  Lack of Specificity of the 6-Minute Walk Test as an Outcome Measure for Patients with Systemic Sclerosis , 2009, The Journal of Rheumatology.

[121]  S. Al-Majed,et al.  Six-min walk test in a healthy adult Arab population. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[122]  N. Westerhof,et al.  Predictors of mortality in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[123]  L. Sewell,et al.  Within-day repeatability of the endurance shuttle walk test. , 2009, Physiotherapy.

[124]  N. Adair,et al.  Reproducibility of the 6-Minute Walk Test for Ambulatory Oxygen Prescription , 2009, Respiration.

[125]  A. Mandrusiak,et al.  Functional capacity tests in young people with cystic fibrosis , 2009 .

[126]  Nilton Maciel Mangueira,et al.  Correlation between clinical parameters and health-related quality of life in women with COPD. , 2009, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[127]  C. Strange,et al.  Limitations to the 6-Minute Walk Test in Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension in Scleroderma , 2009, The Journal of Rheumatology.

[128]  R. Gosselink,et al.  Skeletal muscle weakness, exercise tolerance and physical activity in adults with cystic fibrosis , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[129]  P. Thompson,et al.  Regression equations to predict 6-minute walk distance in middle-aged and elderly adults , 2009, Physiotherapy theory and practice.

[130]  C. Viegas,et al.  Correlation of levels of obstruction in COPD with lactate and six-minute walk test. , 2009 .

[131]  C. Viegas,et al.  Correlação dos graus de obstrução na DPOC com lactato e teste de caminhada de seis minutos , 2009 .

[132]  Z. Tabka,et al.  6-minute walk distance in healthy North Africans older than 40 years: influence of parity. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[133]  S. Harari,et al.  Walking distance on 6-MWT is a prognostic factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2009, Respiratory medicine.

[134]  J. Cappelleri,et al.  Estimating a minimally important difference in pulmonary arterial hypertension following treatment with sildenafil. , 2009, Chest.

[135]  J. Steurer,et al.  Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[136]  F. Pitta,et al.  Profile of the level of physical activity in the daily lives of patients with COPD in Brazil. , 2009, Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia.

[137]  E. Alhamad,et al.  ' s response to reviews Title : Outcome Measures of a 6 Minute Walk Test : Relationships with Physiologic and Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with Sarcoidosis , 2009 .

[138]  A. Holland,et al.  Physical training for interstitial lung disease. , 2008, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[139]  Ciro Casanova,et al.  Distance and oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test as predictors of long-term mortality in patients with COPD. , 2008, Chest.

[140]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Interpretation of treatment changes in 6-minute walk distance in patients with COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[141]  D. Hillman,et al.  Estimating maximum work rate during incremental cycle ergometry testing from six-minute walk distance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2008, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[142]  J. Alison,et al.  Relationship between field walking tests and incremental cycle ergometry in COPD , 2008, Respirology.

[143]  M. Morgan,et al.  Detecting oxygen desaturation in patients with COPD: incremental versus endurance shuttle walking. , 2008, Respiratory medicine.

[144]  J. Paratz,et al.  Predictive utility of the 6-minute walk distance on survival in patients awaiting lung transplantation. , 2008, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[145]  R. Carney,et al.  Baseline 6‐Min Walk Distance Predicts Survival in Lung Transplant Candidates , 2008, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[146]  F. Martinez,et al.  Sex differences in physiological progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[147]  Wlodzimierz ‘Vlady’ Rozenbaum,et al.  Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2008 .

[148]  D. Brooks,et al.  Modifying track layout from straight to circular has a modest effect on the 6-min walk distance. , 2008, Chest.

[149]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  Minimum clinically important improvement for the incremental shuttle walking test , 2008, Thorax.

[150]  Rod S Taylor,et al.  Reproducibility and safety of the incremental shuttle walking test for cardiac rehabilitation. , 2008, International journal of cardiology.

[151]  Y. Lacasse,et al.  Endurance shuttle walking test: responsiveness to salmeterol in COPD , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[152]  B. Celli,et al.  Validation and comparison of reference equations for the 6-min walk distance test , 2008, European Respiratory Journal.

[153]  J. Alison,et al.  Six-Minute Walk Test as an Outcome Measure: Are Two Six-Minute Walk Tests Necessary Immediately After Pulmonary Rehabilitation and at Three-Month Follow-up? , 2008, American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation.

[154]  David M. Shade,et al.  Exercise Testing in Severe Emphysema: Association with Quality of Life and Lung Function , 2008, COPD.

[155]  J. Dammak,et al.  [The six minute walk test: which predictive values to apply for Tunisian subjects aged between 40 and 80 years?]. , 2008, La Tunisie medicale.

[156]  R. Garrod,et al.  Ambulatory oxygen therapy assessment: a comparative study of incremental shuttle and 6-minute walking tests , 2007 .

[157]  B. Celli,et al.  The 6-min walk distance, peak oxygen uptake, and mortality in COPD. , 2007, Chest.

[158]  Y. Lacasse,et al.  Meta-analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Cochrane systematic review. , 2007, Europa medicophysica.

[159]  K. Schmidbauer,et al.  Predictive Significance of the Six-Minute Walk Distance for Long-Term Survival in Chronic Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure , 2007, Respiration.

[160]  C. Reinero,et al.  Interstitial lung diseases. , 2007, The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice.

[161]  Paulo de Tarso Roth Dalcin,et al.  Capacidade submáxima de exercício em pacientes adolescentes e adultos com fibrose cística , 2007 .

[162]  C. Janson,et al.  Walking distance is a predictor of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2007, Respiratory medicine.

[163]  Y. Kondoh,et al.  Dyspnoea at 6-min walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: comparison with COPD. , 2007, Respiratory medicine.

[164]  H. Date,et al.  Distance and oxygen desaturation in 6-min walk test predict prognosis in COPD patients. , 2007, Respiratory medicine.

[165]  B. Celli,et al.  The 6-min walking distance: long-term follow up in patients with COPD , 2007, European Respiratory Journal.

[166]  P. Bresser,et al.  Six-minute walk distance as parameter of functional outcome after pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. , 2007, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[167]  D. Furst,et al.  Submaximal exercise testing in the assessment of interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis: reproducibility and correlations of the 6-min walk test , 2006, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[168]  P. Sampaio-Barros,et al.  Six-minute walk test for the evaluation of pulmonary disease severity in scleroderma patients. , 2007, Chest.

[169]  Y. Lacasse,et al.  Six-minute walking versus shuttle walking: responsiveness to bronchodilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2006, Thorax.

[170]  S. Sorichter,et al.  Impact of impaired inspiratory muscle strength on dyspnea and walking capacity in sarcoidosis. , 2006, Chest.

[171]  H. Hedenström,et al.  Peak exercise capacity estimated from incremental shuttle walking test in patients with COPD: a methodological study , 2006, Respiratory research.

[172]  S. Nathan,et al.  The distance-saturation product predicts mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2006, Respiratory medicine.

[173]  F. Martinez,et al.  Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six-minute-walk test. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[174]  F. D'Ovidio,et al.  Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[175]  A. Chetta,et al.  Reference values for the 6-min walk test in healthy subjects 20-50 years old. , 2006, Respiratory medicine.

[176]  H. Kume,et al.  Reference values for 6‐min walk distance in Asian adults may not be different from that of Caucasian adults , 2006, Respirology (Carlton South. Print).

[177]  M. Kramer,et al.  Assessment of functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise, 6 minute walk and 15 step exercise oximetry test. , 2006, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[178]  K. Berg,et al.  Validity and reliability of the modified shuttle walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2006, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[179]  T. Rozov,et al.  Six‐minute walk test in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis , 2006, Pediatric pulmonology.

[180]  Cássia Cinara da Costa,et al.  O trabalho de caminhada dos seis minutos não se correlaciona com o grau de obstrução do fluxo aéreo em doentes portadores de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica (DPOC) , 2006 .

[181]  P. J. Z. Teixeira,et al.  [Six-minute walk work is not correlated to the degree of airflow obstruction in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)]. , 2006, Revista portuguesa de pneumologia.

[182]  P. Calverley,et al.  The effect of helium and oxygen on exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. , 2006, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[183]  Peter R Eastwood,et al.  Six minute walk distance in healthy subjects aged 55-75 years. , 2006, Respiratory medicine.

[184]  Dina Brooks,et al.  The acute effects of a rollator in individuals with COPD. , 2006, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[185]  P. Eastwood,et al.  Six‐minute walk distance in healthy Singaporean adults cannot be predicted using reference equations derived from Caucasian populations , 2006, Respirology.

[186]  P. Young,et al.  The endurance shuttle walking test: a responsive measure in pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients , 2006, Chronic respiratory disease.

[187]  M. Humbert,et al.  Heart rate responses during the 6-minute walk test in pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2006, European Respiratory Journal.

[188]  J. Loscalzo,et al.  Pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2004, Annals of medicine.

[189]  V. Pepin,et al.  Walking versus cycling: sensitivity to bronchodilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[190]  R. Naeije,et al.  Physiological response to the six-minute walk test in pulmonary arterial hypertension , 2005, European Respiratory Journal.

[191]  K. Kida,et al.  The impact of dyspnoea and leg fatigue during exercise on health‐related quality of life in patients with COPD , 2005, Respirology.

[192]  Thierry Troosters,et al.  Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality – a systematic review , 2005, Respiratory research.

[193]  A. Wells,et al.  Six-minute walk, maximal exercise tests: reproducibility in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[194]  Thierry Troosters,et al.  Characteristics of physical activities in daily life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[195]  Cynthia D. Brown,et al.  Minimal Clinically Important Differences in the Six-Minute Walk Test and the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test , 2005, COPD.

[196]  P. Pellikka,et al.  Pulmonary hypertension in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. , 2004, Chest.

[197]  R. Barst,et al.  Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[198]  Sally J. Singh,et al.  The contribution of peripheral muscle function to shuttle walking performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[199]  Deniz Inal-Ince,et al.  Functional capacity in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2005, Saudi medical journal.

[200]  A. Groves,et al.  Relationship of shuttle walk test and lung cancer surgical outcome. , 2004, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[201]  Thierry Troosters,et al.  Mechanisms of improvement in exercise capacity using a rollator in patients with COPD. , 2004, Chest.

[202]  David R Hillman,et al.  Physiologic responses to incremental and self-paced exercise in COPD: a comparison of three tests. , 2004, Chest.

[203]  C. Viegas,et al.  Teste de caminhada de seis minutos: estudo do efeito do aprendizado em portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica , 2004 .

[204]  B. Celli,et al.  The 6‐min walk distance: change over time and value as a predictor of survival in severe COPD , 2004, European Respiratory Journal.

[205]  C. Viegas,et al.  Teste de caminhada de seis minutos: estudo do efeito do aprendizado em portadores de doenÁa pulmonar obstrutiva crÙnica* Six Minutes Walk Test: Study of the Effect of Learning in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients. , 2004 .

[206]  K. Theander,et al.  Fatigue in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2004, Journal of advanced nursing.

[207]  M. Kawatani,et al.  Ventilatory Responses to Six-minute Walk Test, Incremental Shuttle Walking Test, and Cycle Ergometer Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 2003 .

[208]  F. Martinez,et al.  Prognostic value of desaturation during a 6-minute walk test in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[209]  D. Brooks,et al.  Comparison between an indoor and an outdoor 6-minute walk test among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2003, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[210]  Robert A Wise,et al.  Six-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reproducibility and effect of walking course layout and length. , 2003, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[211]  David B. Holiday,et al.  6-minute walk work for assessment of functional capacity in patients with COPD. , 2003, Chest.

[212]  M. Poulain,et al.  6-minute walk testing is more sensitive than maximal incremental cycle testing for detecting oxygen desaturation in patients with COPD. , 2003, Chest.

[213]  C. Doré,et al.  Reliability, repeatability and sensitivity to change of externally and self-paced walking tests in COPD patients. , 2003, Respiratory medicine.

[214]  P. Palange,et al.  Non-invasive evaluation of gas exchange during a shuttle walking test vs. a 6-min walking test to assess exercise tolerance in COPD patients , 2003, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[215]  P. Enright,et al.  The 6‐min Walk Test: A Quick Measure of Functional Status in Elderly Adults. , 2003, Chest.

[216]  C. Jaca,et al.  Comparison of the distances covered during 3 and 6 min walking test. , 2002, Respiratory medicine.

[217]  J. Barberà,et al.  Physiological responses to the 6-min walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , 2002, European Respiratory Journal.

[218]  M. Tsukino,et al.  Relationship between different indices of exercise capacity and clinical measures in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2002, Heart & lung : the journal of critical care.

[219]  T. Koizumi,et al.  Benefits of Oxygen on Exercise Performance and Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Patients with COPD with Mild Hypoxemia. , 2002, Chest.

[220]  Dina Brooks,et al.  The short-term effect of a rollator on functional exercise capacity among individuals with severe COPD. , 2002, Chest.

[221]  J. Marin,et al.  Disnea en la EPOC: relación de la escala MRC con la disnea inducida en las pruebas de marcha y de ejercicio cardiopulmonar máximo , 2002 .

[222]  A. Sinclair,et al.  The incremental shuttle walking test in elderly people with chronic airflow limitation , 2002, Thorax.

[223]  D. Postma,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2002, Clinical evidence.

[224]  C. Luna,et al.  Effects of supplemental oxygen during activity in patients with advanced COPD without severe resting hypoxemia. , 2001, Chest.

[225]  K. Wasserman,et al.  The body weight-walking distance product as related to lung function, anaerobic threshold and peak VO2 in COPD patients. , 2001, Respiratory medicine.

[226]  A. Foresi,et al.  Relationship between outcome measures of six-minute walk test and baseline lung function in patients with interstitial lung disease. , 2001, Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG.

[227]  H. V. van Stel,et al.  Multivariable assessment of the 6-min walking test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[228]  M. Rubenfire,et al.  Oxygen desaturation on the six-minute walk test and mortality in untreated primary pulmonary hypertension. , 2001, The European respiratory journal.

[229]  W. Gibbons,et al.  Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years. , 2001, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[230]  P. Barnes,et al.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[231]  R. Zuwallack,et al.  Functional status and survival following pulmonary rehabilitation. , 2000, Chest.

[232]  M. Morgan,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of ambulatory oxygen and an ambulatory ventilator on endurance exercise in COPD. , 2000, Respiratory medicine.

[233]  M. Tsukino,et al.  The effects of oxitropium bromide on exercise performance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A comparison of three different exercise tests. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[234]  P. Palange,et al.  Ventilatory and metabolic adaptations to walking and cycling in patients with COPD. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[235]  S J Jay,et al.  Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. , 2000 .

[236]  W. Rejeski,et al.  Evaluating and understanding performance testing in COPD patients. , 2000, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[237]  M. Fujita,et al.  Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. , 2000, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[238]  J. G. Ma,et al.  Reproducibility of the walking test in patients with cystic fibrosis , 1999 .

[239]  S. Kesten,et al.  Comparison of hallway and treadmill six-minute walk tests. , 1999, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[240]  M. Decramer,et al.  Six minute walking distance in healthy elderly subjects. , 1999, The European respiratory journal.

[241]  A. Hardman,et al.  The endurance shuttle walk: a new field test for the assessment of endurance capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1999, Thorax.

[242]  J. R. V. Asensi,et al.  Reproductibilidad del test de la marcha (walking test) en pacientes afectos de fibrosis quística , 1999 .

[243]  M J Connolly,et al.  The effect of walking aids on exercise capacity and oxygenation in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1998, Age and ageing.

[244]  C. van der Schans,et al.  Perception of fatigue and quality of life in patients with COPD. , 1998, Chest.

[245]  S. Breukink,et al.  Relationship between subjective fatigue and physiological variables in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1998, Respiratory medicine.

[246]  H. Folgering,et al.  Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1998, The European respiratory journal.

[247]  H. Folgering,et al.  Training with supplemental oxygen in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia at peak exercise. , 1997, The European respiratory journal.

[248]  D A Redelmeier,et al.  Interpreting small differences in functional status: the Six Minute Walk test in chronic lung disease patients. , 1997, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[249]  J. Wain,et al.  Preoperative predictors of operative morbidity and mortality in COPD patients undergoing bilateral lung volume reduction surgery. , 1997, Chest.

[250]  K. de Meer,et al.  The six‐minute walking test in children with cystic fibrosis: Reliability and validity , 1996, Pediatric pulmonology.

[251]  P. Honeyman,et al.  Effect of a walking aid on disability, oxygenation, and breathlessness in patients with chronic airflow limitation. , 1996, Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation.

[252]  A. Yohannes,et al.  Respiratory rehabilitation, exercise capacity and quality of life in chronic airways disease in old age. , 1996, Age and ageing.

[253]  I. Marschner,et al.  Exertional oxygen of limited benefit in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia. , 1995, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[254]  J. Wain,et al.  The relationship of the 6-min walk test to maximal oxygen consumption in transplant candidates with end-stage lung disease. , 1995, Chest.

[255]  A. Hardman,et al.  Comparison of oxygen uptake during a conventional treadmill test and the shuttle walking test in chronic airflow limitation. , 1994, The European respiratory journal.

[256]  T. W. van der Mark,et al.  Relation of lung function, maximal inspiratory pressure, dyspnoea, and quality of life with exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. , 1994, Thorax.

[257]  J. Bugler,et al.  Effect of arterial oxygen desaturation on six minute walk distance, perceived effort, and perceived breathlessness in patients with airflow limitation. , 1993, Thorax.

[258]  M. S. Singh,et al.  Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. , 1992, Thorax.

[259]  S. Chinn,et al.  Portable liquid oxygen and exercise ability in severe respiratory disability. , 1992, Thorax.

[260]  D. Geddes,et al.  Supplemental oxygen and exercise ability in chronic obstructive airways disease. , 1988, Thorax.

[261]  R. Balbontín,et al.  [Interstitial lung diseases]. , 1985, Revista medica de Chile.

[262]  G H Guyatt,et al.  How should we measure function in patients with chronic heart and lung disease? , 1985, Journal of chronic diseases.

[263]  G H Guyatt,et al.  Effect of encouragement on walking test performance. , 1984, Thorax.

[264]  G. Borg.  Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. , 1982, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[265]  Mrcp Duncan M. Geddes MD.  Airways Obstruction , 2005, Springer Netherlands.

[266]  A. Woodcock,et al.  OXYGEN RELIEVES BREATHLESSNESS IN "PINK PUFFERS" , 1981, The Lancet.

[267]  R. Minns.  Letter: Cartilage ulceration and shear fatigue failure. , 1976, Lancet.