Fires in tunnels

The problem of fires in tunnels is reviewed and new experimental data are presented which show for possibly the first time that the established correlations between fire size and critical ventilation velocity appear to be incorrect at large fire sizes; the dependence of these data upon the particular tunnel geometry is also evident. The departure from previous expectations is attributed to non–Boussinesq effects and tilting of the fire plume in the downstream direction. The Boussinesq approximation, implicit in standard correlations, is considered to be inappropriate for a study of the dynamics of hot smoke layers due to the significant effects of large density gradients on the horizontal momentum equation.

[1]  D. Bergmann,et al.  A Numerical Study of Tunnel Fires , 1983 .

[2]  Lloyd H. Back,et al.  On the reverse flow ceiling jet in pool fire-ventilation crossflow interactions in a simulated aircraft cabin interior , 1989 .

[3]  K Te Velde.  A COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION OF A ROAD TUNNEL WITH INCOMING AND OUTGOING SLIP ROADS ---PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE AERODYNAMICS AND VENTILATION OF VEHICLE TUNNELS, DURHAM, 27-29 SEPT 1988 , 1988 .

[4]  Robert W. Bilger.  Turbulent diffusion flames , 1989 .

[5]  Philip Egilsrud.  PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIGHWAY TUNNEL FIRES , 1984 .

[6]  R. P. Wilson,et al.  The combustion institute: Western States Section—1974 Spring Meeting , 1974 .

[7]  Yasushi Oka,et al.  Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires , 1995 .

[8]  K. Moodie,et al.  The King's Cross fire: Results and analysis from the scale model tests☆ , 1992 .

[9]  R. E. Greuer,et al.  A user's manual for MFIRE , 1990 .

[10]  J. R. Lloyd,et al.  Numerical modeling of unsteady bouyant flows generated by fire in a corridor , 1977 .

[11]  V. B. Apte,et al.  Pool Fire Plume Flow In A Large-scale Wind Tunnel , 1991 .

[12]  A. J. Heselden,et al.  EFFICIENT EXTRACTION OF SMOKE FROM A THIN LAYER UNDER A CEILING , 1974 .

[13]  C. C. Hwang,et al.  Experimental study of thermally generated reverse stratified layers in a fire tunnel , 1986 .

[14]  E. Gengembre,et al.  Turbulent Diffusion Flames with Large Buoyancy Effects , 1984 .

[15]  R. F. Chaiken,et al.  Model coal tunnel fires in ventilation flow. Report of investigations, 1979 , 1979 .

[16]  T. Benjamin.  Gravity currents and related phenomena , 1968, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[17]  Roberta Ventsias.  Points of Reference , 1980 .

[18]  J. P. Vantelon,et al.  Investigation Of Fire-Induced Smoke Movement In Tunnels And Stations: An Application To The Paris Metro , 1991 .

[19]  Takamoto Saito,et al.  Turbulence model of fire-induced air flow in a ventilated tunnel , 1993 .

[20]  R Chan,et al.  POST TRANSBAY TUBE FIRE TESTS , 1988 .

[21]  N. S. Wilkes,et al.  Computer simulation of the flows of hot gases from the fire at King's Cross Underground station , 1992 .

[22]  J. A. Caton,et al.  A Numerical Study of Tunnel Fires , 1984 .

[23]  P. L. Hinkley,et al.  THE FLOW OF HOT GASES ALONG AN ENCLOSED SHOPPING MALL A TENTATIVE THEORY , 1970 .

[24]  C. C. Hwang,et al.  Reverse stratified flow in duct fires: A two-dimensional approach , 1977 .

[25]  Sergiu F Luchian.  CENTRAL ARTERY-TUNNEL PROJECT , 1993 .

[26]  James G. Quintiere,et al.  Scaling applications in fire research , 1989 .

[27]  S Kumar,et al.  MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FIRE IN ROAD TUNNELS- EFFECTS OF RADIANT HEAT AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS , 1988 .

[28]  Robert F. Chaiken,et al.  Interaction Between Duct Fires and Ventilation Flow: An Experimental Study , 1979 .

[29]  A Bendelius,et al.  VENTILATION OF THE SYDNEY HARBOUR TUNNEL ---PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE AERODYNAMICS AND VENTILATION OF VEHICLE TUNNELS, DURHAM, 27-29 SEPT 1988 , 1988 .

[30]  D. B. Spalding,et al.  The art of partial modeling , 1963 .

[31]  David A. Charters,et al.  A computer model to assess fire hazards in tunnels (FASIT) , 1994 .

[32]  B. Mccaffrey.  Purely buoyant diffusion flames :: some experimental results , 1979 .

[33]  S Kumar,et al.  MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FIRE IN ROAD TUNNELS- VALIDATION OF JASMINE , 1986 .