Personality disorder diagnosis by means of the Temperament and Character Inventory.

Personality disorders (PDs) criteria are still in development. Cloninger's biosocial theory of personality contributed to this discussion. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships between extreme expressions on temperament and an immature character according to Cloninger's assumptions. Eight hundred healthy volunteers and 200 psychiatric inpatients were consecutively recruited each from Sweden and Germany, and were asked to complete the Temperament and Character Inventory, which measures 4 temperament and 3 character dimensions. Patients differed from controls on temperament and character dimensions. The combination of low and very low character scores with extreme scores in either novelty seeking, harm avoidance, or reward dependence was found more often among patients with PD compared with patients without PD and controls; this is more pronounced with an increasing number of extreme temperament scores. The Temperament and Character Inventory represents a useful tool in the diagnostic process of personality disorders.

[1]  P. Costa,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. , 2002, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[2]  G. Parker,et al.  Personality and personality disorder: current issues and directions , 2000, Psychological Medicine.

[3]  E. Diener,et al.  The science of well-being , 2009 .

[4]  T. Przybeck,et al.  Assessing Personality: The Temperament and Character Inventory in a Cross-Cultural Comparison between Germany, Sweden, and the USA , 1999 .

[5]  Fang-Chi Hsu,et al.  The relationship between the five-factor model and latent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition personality disorder dimensions. , 2008, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[6]  F. Fruyt,et al.  The Validity of Cloninger's Psychobiological Model Versus the Five‐Factor Model to Predict DSM‐IV Personality Disorders in a Heterogeneous Psychiatric Sample: Domain Facet and Residualized Facet Descriptions , 2006 .

[7]  Michael Shepherd,et al.  Lexicon of Psychiatric and Mental Health Terms , 1994 .

[8]  Cloninger Cr.  Discussions arising from: Cloninger, CR. A. unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states. , 1987, Psychiatric developments.

[9]  C. R. Cloninger,et al.  The temperament and character inventory (TCI) : a guide to its development and use , 1994 .

[10]  W. Coryell,et al.  DSM-III personality disorder dimensions. , 1990, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[11]  Drew Westen,et al.  A prototype approach to personality disorder diagnosis. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[12]  P Fonagy,et al.  Book Review: Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self , 2004 .

[13]  P. Joyce,et al.  Temperament and the structure of personality disorder symptoms , 1997, Psychological Medicine.

[14]  W. Pithers.  DSM-III Personality Disorders. , 1982 .

[15]  P. Vernon,et al.  Genetic and environmental influences on the covariance of facets defining the domains of the five-factor model of personality , 2002 .

[16]  W. Kuyken,et al.  Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives , 1994, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[17]  J. Reich,et al.  Prevalence of DSM-III personality disorders in the community , 2005, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[18]  T. Przybeck,et al.  Distributions by Age and Sex of the Dimensions of Temperament and Character Inventory in a Cross-Cultural Perspective among Sweden, Germany, and the USA , 2001, Psychological reports.

[19]  C. Robert Cloninger,et al.  Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues , 2002, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[20]  Lisa Saulsman,et al.  The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. , 2004, Clinical psychology review.

[21]  S. Akhtar,et al.  The literature on personality disorders, 1985-88: trends, issues, and controversies. , 1990, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[22]  C. R. Cloninger,et al.  A psychobiological model of temperament and character. , 1993, Archives of general psychiatry.

[23]  中島 公博,et al.  精神科病院における長期入院者の退院と地域医療への促進(I) : アンケート調査による「住まい方」からみたノーマライゼーション , 1998 .

[24]  Cloninger Cr.  A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. , 1987 .

[25]  N. Sartorius,et al.  Translation of Health Status Instruments , 1994 .

[26]  C. R. Cloninger,et al.  Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. , 1993, Archives of general psychiatry.

[27]  T. Ordoña,et al.  Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being , 2005 .

[28]  J. Richter,et al.  The Swedish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) , 2008 .

[29]  T. Przybeck,et al.  Swedish normative data on personality using the Temperament and Character Inventory. , 1998, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[30]  W. Livesley,et al.  A framework for integrating dimensional and categorical classifications of personality disorder. , 2007, Journal of personality disorders.

[31]  W. Livesley,et al.  An evaluation of DSM‐III‐R personality disorders , 1991, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[32]  J. Hallmayer,et al.  Prevalences of personality disorders (DSM-III-R) in the community , 1992 .