A Model of Business Information Users' Expectations

ABSTRACT This Model of Business Information Users' Expectations concentrates on the user's interaction with the information environment, while examining the underlying optimization schemes. Four stages are presented in the model: (1) the user's query and formulation stage, which may be self-imposed or externally imposed; (2) pre-reference process expectations, consisting of need constraints such as cost, time, pleasure and effort, (3) reference process, consisting of negotiation, seeking and retrieving, and analyzing “break-even,” and (4) post-reference process reactions, such as satisfaction, satisficing, dissatisfaction, and dissonance. Traditional models of information seeking behavior are briefly discussed in the literature review.

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