Isolation and characterization of the novel popeye gene family expressed in skeletal muscle and heart.

We identified a novel gene family in vertebrates which is preferentially expressed in developing and adult striated muscle. Three genes of the Popeye (POP) family were detected in human and mouse and two in chicken. Chromosomal mapping indicates that Pop1 and Pop3 genes are clustered on mouse chromosome 10, whereas Pop2 maps to mouse chromosome 16. We found evidence that POP1 and POP3 in chicken may also be linked and multiple transcript isoforms are generated from this locus. The POP genes encode proteins with three potential transmembrane domains that are conserved in all family members. Individual POP genes exhibit specific expression patterns during development and postnatally. Chicken POP3 and mouse Pop1 are first preferentially expressed in atrium and later also in the subepicardial compact layer of the ventricles. Chicken POP1 and mouse Pop2 are expressed in the entire heart except the outflow tract. All three Pop genes are expressed in heart and skeletal muscle of the adult mouse and lower in lung. Pop1 and Pop2 expression is upregulated in uterus of pregnant mice. Like the mouse genes, human POP genes are predominantly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The strong conservation of POP genes during evolution and their preferential expression in heart and skeletal muscle suggest that these novel proteins may have an important function in these tissues in vertebrates.

[1]  David Housman,et al.  WT-1 is required for early kidney development , 1993, Cell.

[2]  G. Lyons,et al.  Developmental regulation of myosin gene expression in mouse cardiac muscle , 1990, The Journal of cell biology.

[3]  R. Evans,et al.  RXR alpha mutant mice establish a genetic basis for vitamin A signaling in heart morphogenesis. , 1994, Genes & development.

[4]  Erik L. L. Sonnhammer,et al.  A Hidden Markov Model for Predicting Transmembrane Helices in Protein Sequences , 1998, ISMB.

[5]  J. Pérez-Pomares,et al.  Contribution of the primitive epicardium to the subepicardial mesenchyme in hamster and chick embryos , 1997, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[6]  M. Rudnicki,et al.  Strain-dependent embryonic lethality in mice lacking the retinoblastoma-related p130 gene. , 1998, Development.

[7]  J. Rossant,et al.  Defects in heart and lung development in compound heterozygotes for two different targeted mutations at the N-myc locus. , 1993, Development.

[8]  H. Arnold,et al.  BMP-2 induces ectopic expression of cardiac lineage markers and interferes with somite formation in chicken embryos , 1998, Mechanisms of Development.

[9]  Carmen Birchmeier,et al.  Multiple essential functions of neuregulin in development , 1995, Nature.

[10]  M. Caron,et al.  Essential role of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  A. Lassar,et al.  A role for bone morphogenetic proteins in the induction of cardiac myogenesis. , 1997, Genes & development.

[12]  I. Kostetskii,et al.  Retinoid signaling required for normal heart development regulates GATA-4 in a pathway distinct from cardiomyocyte differentiation. , 1999, Developmental biology.

[13]  D. Bader,et al.  Cloning and expression of hbves, a novel and highly conserved mRNA expressed in the developing and adult heart and skeletal muscle in the human , 1999, Mammalian Genome.

[14]  Kuo-Fen Lee,et al.  Requirement for neuregulin receptor erbB2 in neural and cardiac development , 1995, Nature.

[15]  K. Shiota,et al.  Targeted disruption of gp130, a common signal transducer for the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, leads to myocardial and hematological disorders. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  V. García-Martínez,et al.  Primitive-streak origin of the cardiovascular system in avian embryos. , 1993, Developmental biology.

[17]  D. Bader,et al.  bves: A novel gene expressed during coronary blood vessel development. , 1999, Developmental biology.

[18]  Philippe Soriano,et al.  Transcriptional enhancer factor 1 disruption by a retroviral gene trap leads to heart defects and embryonic lethality in mice. , 1994, Genes & development.

[19]  J. Seidman,et al.  Regulation of chamber-specific gene expression in the developing heart by Irx4. , 1999, Science.

[20]  N. Rosenthal,et al.  Sequential programs of retinoic acid synthesis in the myocardial and epicardial layers of the developing avian heart. , 2000, Developmental biology.

[21]  P. Chambon,et al.  Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development , 1999, Nature Genetics.

[22]  R. Hynes,et al.  Cell adhesion events mediated by alpha 4 integrins are essential in placental and cardiac development. , 1995, Development.

[23]  A. Lassar,et al.  Induction of avian cardiac myogenesis by anterior endoderm. , 1995, Development.

[24]  T. Jung.  Growth and Hyperplasia of Cardiac Muscle Cells , 1994 .

[25]  Y. Shimada,et al.  Formation of the epicardium studied with the scanning electron microscope. , 1978, Developmental biology.

[26]  Rüdiger Klein,et al.  Aberrant neural and cardiac development in mice lacking the ErbB4 neuregulin receptor , 1995, Nature.

[27]  K. Yutzey,et al.  Expression of the atrial-specific myosin heavy chain AMHC1 and the establishment of anteroposterior polarity in the developing chicken heart. , 1994, Development.

[28]  M. Labow,et al.  Defective development of the embryonic and extraembryonic circulatory systems in vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) deficient mice. , 1995, Development.

[29]  M. Kanehisa,et al.  A knowledge base for predicting protein localization sites in eukaryotic cells , 1992, Genomics.

[30]  J. Vonesch,et al.  Genetic analysis of RXRα developmental function: Convergence of RXR and RAR signaling pathways in heart and eye morphogenesis , 1994, Cell.