Actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: clinical, histopathological and immunogenetic aspects.

Actinic cheilitis is the main precancerous lesion of the lip. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is reported together with oral carcinomas in the Brazilian official statistics. Overall, they account for 40% of the head and neck carcinomas. In general, physicians and dentists know little about what causes oral tumor development and progression. Tumor suppressor genes and cell proliferation regulatory proteins play a role in the progression of actinic cheilitis to squamous cell carcinoma and in its biological behavior. Knowledge on prognostic and diagnostic markers has a positive impact on the follow-up of these patients.

[1]  A. Palmieri,et al.  Genetic portrait of mild and severe lingual dysplasia. , 2005, Oral oncology.

[2]  P A Dekker-de Kiefte,et al.  Diagnosis and Treatment , 2020, Diabetes.

[3]  J. Robinson,et al.  Actinic cheilitis. A prospective study comparing four treatment methods. , 1989, Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery.

[4]  I. Orengo,et al.  Severe reaction to 5% imiquimod cream with excellent clinical and cosmetic outcomes. , 2007, Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD.

[5]  N. Tanigawa,et al.  The role of survivin as a new target of diagnosis and treatment in human cancer , 2001, Medical Electron Microscopy.

[6]  J. Shah,et al.  TNM Staging of Cancers of the Head and Neck: Striving for Uniformity Among Diversity , 2005, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[7]  O. Vintermyr,et al.  Cell death regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: methodological considerations and clinical significance. , 2003, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[8]  J. Robinson,et al.  Actinic cheilitis: a review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment. , 1987, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[9]  L. Tapper-Jones,et al.  Recognition of oral cancer. Causes of delay , 1977, British Dental Journal.

[10]  J. Piffkó,et al.  Prognostic and predictive factors in oral cancer: the role of the invasive tumour front. , 2000, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[11]  M. Meyers,et al.  Altered G1 checkpoint control determines adaptive survival responses to ionizing radiation. , 1996, Mutation research.

[12]  F. Pezzetti,et al.  Survivin as prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. , 2005, Cancer letters.

[13]  C. Scully.  Oral manifestations associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries--are there differences from developed countries? , 2000, Oral diseases.

[14]  S. Lourenço,et al.  Actinic cheilitis: histologic study of the entire vermilion and comparison with previous biopsy , 2007, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[15]  J. Bouquot.  Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia: a review and update. , 1994, Practical periodontics and aesthetic dentistry : PPAD.

[16]  Bouquot Je.  Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia: a review and update. , 1994 .

[17]  J. Goedert,et al.  Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. , 2001, JAMA.

[18]  C. Prives.  Signaling to p53 Breaking the MDM2–p53 Circuit , 1998, Cell.

[19]  O. M. P. Silva,et al.  Queilite actínica adjacente ao carcinoma espinocelular do lábio como indicador de prognóstico , 2006 .

[20]  P. Boukamp.  Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? , 2005, Carcinogenesis.

[21]  J. Hay,et al.  Impact of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell cancer of the lip. , 1992, American journal of surgery.

[22]  Lingbao Ai,et al.  The p16 (CDKN2a/INK4a) Tumor-Suppressor Gene in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Promoter Methylation and Protein Expression Study in 100 Cases , 2003, Modern Pathology.

[23]  T. Lotti,et al.  Photodynamic therapy: treatment of choice for actinic cheilitis? , 2008, Dermatologic therapy.

[24]  S. Warnakulasuriya,et al.  Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. , 2007, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[25]  G. Raskob,et al.  Outcome Analysis for Lip Carcinoma , 1995, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[26]  P. Cerutti.  Effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian cells , 1974, The Science of Nature.

[27]  T. Chen,et al.  Intervention efficacy and malignant transformation to oral cancer among patients with leukoplakia (Review). , 2003, Oncology reports.

[28]  A Markopoulos,et al.  Actinic cheilitis: clinical and pathologic characteristics in 65 cases. , 2004, Oral diseases.

[29]  M. Abreu,et al.  Actinic cheilitis: histopathology and p53 , 2006, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[30]  C. Harris,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide synthase expression in human lung cancer and the relation to p53. , 1998, British Journal of Cancer.

[31]  Eero Pukkala,et al.  Cancer risk after renal transplantation in the nordic countries, 1964–1986 , 1995, International journal of cancer.

[32]  Herbert Morawetz,et al.  Radiation chemistry‐principles and applications, Farhataziz and Michael A. J. Rodgers, Eds. VCH, New York and Germany, 1987, 641 pp. Price: , 1987 .

[33]  S. de Sousa,et al.  The severity of epithelial dysplasia is associated with loss of maspin expression in actinic cheilitis , 2009, Journal of cutaneous pathology.

[34]  A. F. Nunes,et al.  [Correlation between TNM classification, histological grading and anatomical location in oral squamous cell carcinoma]. , 2002, Pesquisa odontologica brasileira = Brazilian oral research.

[35]  A. Chanan-Khan,et al.  Targeting the Bcl-2 , 2009, Current opinion in oncology.

[36]  L. Kowalski,et al.  Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip: a retrospective study of 58 patients. , 1996, Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina.

[37]  R. Gomez,et al.  p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 overexpression at the invasive front of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. , 2007, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[38]  D. Green,et al.  How cells die: apoptosis pathways. , 2001, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[39]  M. Veness,et al.  Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Patterns of relapse and outcome: Reporting the Westmead Hospital experience, 1980-1997. , 2001, Australasian radiology.

[40]  J. Pereira,et al.  Correlação entre a classificação TNM, gradação histológica e localização anatômica em carcinoma epidermóide oral , 2002 .

[41]  E. Pukkala,et al.  Occupations with low risk of lip cancer show high risk of skin cancer of the head. , 1981, Community dentistry and oral epidemiology.

[42]  A. Orenstein,et al.  A new modality in the treatment of actinic cheilitis using the Er:YAG laser , 2007, Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy : official publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology.

[43]  Z. Nemes,et al.  p21WAF1/CIP1 expression is a marker of poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. , 2005, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[44]  S. Lippman,et al.  Predicting cancer development in oral leukoplakia: ten years of translational research. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[45]  U. Bilkay,et al.  Management of Lower Lip Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis of 118 Patients and Review of the Literature , 2003, Annals of plastic surgery.

[46]  S. Tannenbaum,et al.  DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[47]  M. C. Pires,et al.  Queilite actínica: avaliação comparativa estética e funcional entre as vermelhectomias clássica e em W-plastia , 2011 .

[48]  D. M. Winn.  Diet and nutrition in the etiology of oral cancer. , 1995, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[49]  R. Estévez.  [Treatment of human cancer]. , 1961, La Semana medica.

[50]  B. Barankin,et al.  Paying more than lip service to lip lesions. , 2003, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[51]  M. L. Spencer,et al.  Epithelial expression of p53, mdm-2 and p21 in normal lip and actinic cheilitis. , 2008, Oral oncology.

[52]  V. Rotter,et al.  p53 and human malignancies. , 1991, Advances in cancer research.

[53]  G. Foster,et al.  p53 protein expression in malignant, pre-malignant and non-malignant lesions of the lip. , 1996, Journal of clinical pathology.

[54]  E. Slusky.  Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lip. , 1962, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[55]  S. Cory,et al.  The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch , 2002, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[56]  M. Abreu,et al.  Actinic cheilitis adjacent to squamous carcinoma of the lips as an indicator of prognosis. , 2006, Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology.

[57]  June K. Robinson,et al.  Actinie cheilitis: A review of the etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment , 1987 .

[58]  J. Langdon,et al.  Expression of type 2 nitric oxide synthase and p21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. , 2002, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[59]  E. Ron.  Ionizing radiation and cancer risk: evidence from epidemiology. , 1998, Pediatric radiology.

[60]  R. Rojas,et al.  Estudio retrospectivo de 232 casos de cáncer y precáncer de labio en pacientes chilenos: Correlación clínico-histológica , 2003 .

[61]  E. Dabelsteen,et al.  New malignancy grading is a better prognostic indicator than Broders' grading in oral squamous cell carcinomas. , 1989, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[62]  J. Sanchez-Conejo-Mir,et al.  Follow-up of vermilionectomies: evaluation of the technique. , 1986, The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology.

[63]  H. Holmes,et al.  Oral manifestations associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries--are there differences from developed countries? , 2008, Oral diseases.

[64]  A. Ormeño,et al.  [A retrospective study of 232 cases of lip cancer and pre cancer in Chilean patients. Clinical-histological correlation]. , 2003, Revista médica de Chile (Impresa).

[65]  G. Snow,et al.  p53 expression above the basal cell layer in oral mucosa is an early event of malignant transformation and has predictive value for developing oral squamous cell carcinoma , 1998, The Journal of pathology.