Binomial sequential sampling plan for hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) sistens infesting individual eastern hemlock trees.

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an exotic insect pest that is killing eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, and Carolina hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann, in the eastern United States. We used the sequential interval procedure to develop a binomial sequential sampling plan for A. tsugae sistens on individual eastern hemlock trees that uses nondestructive sampling of new shoots. The actual a (type I) and beta (type II) error rates were essentially 5 and 10%, respectively. Tallies of new shoots infested by at least one A. tsugae sistens were compared with stop values for thresholds of 10 and 30% of new hemlock shoots infested. Twenty to 80 new shoots had to be examined per tree to render a low, high, or indeterminate classification, which took < 2 min per tree regardless of the threshold used. This plan should be an efficient and cost-effective tool in the management of A. tsugae infestations on individual, high-value eastern hemlock trees.

[1]  M. Binns,et al.  Management sampling for larvae of the colorado potato beetle , 1992, Researches on Population Ecology.

[2]  S. Iwao.  A new method of sequential sampling to classify populations relative to a critical density , 1975, Researches on Population Ecology.

[3]  Beversdorf Arnold Matthew,et al.  FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT AT VIRGINIA TECH AND ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING AT THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY: AN INTERNSHIP , 2004 .

[4]  J. R. Frank,et al.  EASTERN HEMLOCK RECOVERY FROM HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID DAMAGE FOLLOWING IMIDACLOPRID THERAPY , 2003 .

[5]  David R. Foster,et al.  Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid , 2002 .

[6]  D. Legg,et al.  Binomial sequential sampling plans for rangeland grasshoppers , 2001 .

[7]  Benito M. Chen,et al.  Toward Fair Comparisons of Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans , 2000 .

[8]  W. Werf,et al.  Sampling and monitoring in crop protection. The theoretical basis for developing practical decision guides. , 2000 .

[9]  S. Salom,et al.  Hemlock woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) dispersion and the failure of binomial sampling to estimate population density , 1998 .

[10]  D. Legg.  Binomial sequential sampling of insect populations , 1998 .

[11]  S. Salom,et al.  Value and importance of hemlock ecosystems in the eastern United States. , 1996 .

[12]  M. Feng,et al.  Binomial sequential sampling plans and decision support algorithms for managing the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in small grains. , 1994 .

[13]  T. A. Horner.  Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Using Soil Injections of Systemic Insecticides , 1994, Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry.

[14]  J. Walgenbach.  Distribution of parasitized and nonparasitized potato aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on staked tomato , 1994 .

[15]  M. Brewer,et al.  Comparison of Three Sequential Sampling Plans Using Binomial Counts to Classify Insect Infestation with Respect to Decision Thresholds , 1994 .

[16]  M. McClure.  Effects of Implanted and Injected Pesticides and Fertilizers on the Survival of Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) and on the Growth of Tsuga canadensis , 1992 .

[17]  M. McClure.  Density-dependent feedback and population cycles in Adelges tsugae (Homoptera : Adelgidae) on Tsuga canadensis , 1991 .

[18]  P. Schultz,et al.  Development of an Aesthetic Injury Level to Decrease Pesticide Use Against Orange striped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in an Urban Pest Management Project , 1990 .

[19]  J. Nyrop,et al.  Binomial sequential classification sampling plans for European red mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) with special reference to performance criteria , 1989 .

[20]  E. Bechinski,et al.  Presence—Absence Sequential Decision Plans for Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Garden-seed Beans., Phaseolus vulgaris , 1985 .