Evaluation of a Josephson Arbitrary Waveform Synthesizer at Low Voltages for the Calibration of Lock-In Amplifiers

We have evaluated a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS) in the voltage range from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1~\mu \text{V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to 1 mV at frequencies from 60 to 1000 Hz for the use in the calibration of lock-in amplifiers. The uncertainty contribution from the JAWS system is 45 nV for 1 mV at 1000 Hz and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k=2.0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We anticipate that the JAWS will help extend the lower voltage and frequency range of ac voltage metrology and improve the uncertainties by one order of magnitude compared to conventional techniques.

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