Gene-nutrient interactions in cancer etiology.

Relationships between dietary components and cancer risk are often unclear, and the results from epidemiologic studies are inconsistent. While some inconsistencies could be due to study design issues, we propose that genetic heterogeneity of study populations could mask associations. In this report, we review the literature regarding meat consumption and risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancers, particularly in relation to phenotypes and genotypes for enzymes that metabolize food-borne promutagens. The role of consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as the role of genetic variants in oxidative stress genes, in the risk of breast cancer are also discussed.

[1]  E. Riboli,et al.  Meat consumption and colorectal cancer: a review of epidemiologic evidence. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[2]  A. Neugut,et al.  Myeloperoxidase Genotype, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and Breast Cancer Risk , 2004, Cancer Research.

[3]  G. Colditz,et al.  Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism, plasma antioxidants, cigarette smoking, and risk of breast cancer. , 2004, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[4]  P. Borm,et al.  Myeloperoxidase (MPO) -463G->A reduces MPO activity and DNA adduct levels in bronchoalveolar lavages of smokers. , 2004, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[5]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[6]  B. Green,et al.  Association of SULT1A1 Phenotype and Genotype with Prostate Cancer Risk in African-Americans and Caucasians , 2004, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[7]  A. Daly,et al.  N-Acetyltransferase (NAT2) Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Susceptibility: A Lack of Association in a Case-Control Study of Turkish Population , 2004, International journal of toxicology.

[8]  M. Kibriya,et al.  Susceptibility to arsenic-induced hyperkeratosis and oxidative stress genes myeloperoxidase and catalase. , 2003, Cancer letters.

[9]  K. Egan,et al.  MnSOD polymorphism and breast cancer in a population-based case-control study. , 2003, Cancer letters.

[10]  Tomoyuki Shirai,et al.  Detection of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine-DNA adducts in normal breast tissues and risk of breast cancer. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[11]  Elio Riboli,et al.  Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[12]  D. Albanes,et al.  Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) polymorphism, α-tocopherol supplementation and prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (Finland) , 2003, Cancer Causes & Control.

[13]  R C Millikan,et al.  Heterocyclic amines, meat intake, and association with colon cancer in a population-based study. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[14]  P. Dayer,et al.  Point: myeloperoxidase -463G --> a polymorphism and lung cancer risk. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[15]  D. Christiani,et al.  Counterpoint: the myeloperoxidase -463G-->a polymorphism does not decrease lung cancer susceptibility in Caucasians. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[16]  J. Barrett,et al.  A pharmacogenetic study to investigate the role of dietary carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. , 2002, Carcinogenesis.

[17]  L. Le Marchand,et al.  Red meat intake, CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms, and colorectal cancer risk. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[18]  K. Kulp,et al.  Factors affecting human heterocyclic amine intake and the metabolism of PhIP. , 2002, Mutation research.

[19]  R. Sinha,et al.  Well-done red meat, metabolic phenotypes and colorectal cancer in Hawaii. , 2002, Mutation research.

[20]  R. Petersen,et al.  An association study of a functional catalase gene polymorphism, −262C→T, and patients with Alzheimer's disease , 2002, Neuroscience Letters.

[21]  H. Glatt,et al.  Heterologous expression of human N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 and sulfotransferase 1A1 in Salmonella typhimurium for mutagenicity testing of heterocyclic amines. , 2002, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[22]  J. Cerhan,et al.  GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk , 2002, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[23]  C. Sweeney,et al.  CYP2A6 activity determined by caffeine phenotyping: association with colorectal cancer risk. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[24]  D. Christiani,et al.  Genetic susceptibility of term pregnant women to oxidative damage. , 2002, Toxicology Letters.

[25]  E. Riboli,et al.  Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: Dose‐response meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies , 2002, International journal of cancer.

[26]  R. Sinha,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms in heterocyclic amine metabolism and risk of colorectal adenomas. , 2002, Pharmacogenetics.

[27]  L. Kolonel,et al.  Combined effects of well-done red meat, smoking, and rapid N-acetyltransferase 2 and CYP1A2 phenotypes in increasing colorectal cancer risk. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[28]  B. Green,et al.  Effect of polymorphism in the human glutathione S-transferase A1 promoter on hepatic GSTA1 and GSTA2 expression. , 2001, Pharmacogenetics.

[29]  J. Fahey,et al.  Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[30]  P. D. Josephy,et al.  Detection of PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) in the milk of healthy women. , 2001, Chemical research in toxicology.

[31]  M. Teh,et al.  Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase -M1, -T1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[32]  C. Sweeney,et al.  The role of human glutathione S-transferases (hGSTs) in the detoxification of the food-derived carcinogen metabolite N-acetoxy-PhIP, and the effect of a polymorphism in hGSTA1 on colorectal cancer risk. , 2001, Mutation research.

[33]  M. Xiong,et al.  A polymorphism in the promoter region of catalase is associated with blood pressure levels , 2001, Human Genetics.

[34]  V. Kosma,et al.  Association between manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk. , 2001, Carcinogenesis.

[35]  J. Féher,et al.  Induced myeloperoxidase activity and related superoxide inhibition during hormone replacement therapy , 2001, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[36]  I. White,et al.  Systematic review of the prospective cohort studies on meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analytical approach. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[37]  W. Willett,et al.  Diet and breast cancer , 2022, Nature.

[38]  D. Albanes,et al.  Variation in the promoter region of the myeloperoxidase gene is not directly related to lung cancer risk among male smokers in Finland. , 2001, Cancer letters.

[39]  U. de Faire,et al.  A common functional C-T substitution polymorphism in the promoter region of the human catalase gene influences transcription factor binding, reporter gene transcription and is correlated to blood catalase levels. , 2001, Free radical biology & medicine.

[40]  F. Speizer,et al.  Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. , 2001, JAMA.

[41]  E. Rimm,et al.  Racial variation in prostate cancer incidence and in hormonal system markers among male health professionals. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[42]  R C Garner,et al.  Analysis of DNA adducts by accelerator mass spectrometry in human breast tissue after administration of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and benzo[a]pyrene. , 2000, Mutation research.

[43]  M. Thun,et al.  Cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer mortality in the cancer prevention study II. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[44]  E. Rosen,et al.  Indole-3-Carbinol Is a Negative Regulator of Estrogen Receptor-α Signaling in Human Tumor Cells , 2000 .

[45]  R. Haldeman-Cahill,et al.  Expression profiling of human sulfotransferase and sulfatase gene superfamilies in epithelial tissues and cultured cells. , 2000, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[46]  M. Spitz,et al.  Dietary intake of isothiocyanates: evidence of a joint effect with glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in lung cancer risk. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[47]  J. Potter,et al.  Interplay between dietary inducers of GST and the GSTM‐1 genotype in colon cancer , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[48]  A. Folsom,et al.  N-Acetyltransferase-2 genetic polymorphism, well-done meat intake, and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[49]  D. Phillips,et al.  Metabolic activation of carcinogens and expression of various cytochromes P450 in human prostate tissue. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[50]  G. Coetzee,et al.  Isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, and lung-cancer risk: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China , 2000, The Lancet.

[51]  M Kulldorff,et al.  2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, a carcinogen in high-temperature-cooked meat, and breast cancer risk. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[52]  C. Longcope,et al.  Brassica vegetable consumption shifts estrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[53]  M. Spitz,et al.  Genetic variants of myeloperoxidase and lung cancer risk. , 2000, Carcinogenesis.

[54]  W. Schulz,et al.  Phenol sulphotransferase SULT1A1 polymorphism in prostate cancer: lack of association , 2000, Archives of Toxicology.

[55]  P. Boyle,et al.  Meta-analysis of studies on breast cancer risk and diet: the role of fruit and vegetable consumption and the intake of associated micronutrients. , 2000, European journal of cancer.

[56]  L. Le Marchand,et al.  Association of the myeloperoxidase -463G-->a polymorphism with lung cancer risk. , 2000, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[57]  C. Meisel,et al.  Substantially reduced risk of cancer of the aerodigestive tract in subjects with variant--463A of the myeloperoxidase gene. , 2000, Cancer research.

[58]  E. Rimm,et al.  Race, ethnicity and benign prostatic hyperplasia in the health professionals follow-up study. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[59]  Satoru Takahashi,et al.  Immunohistochemical Detection of Carcinogen‐DNA Adducts in Normal Human Prostate Tissues Transplanted into the Subcutis of Athymic Nude Mice: Results with 2‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) and 3,2′‐Dimethyl‐4‐aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and Relation to Cytochrome P450s and N‐Acetyltran , 2000, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[60]  F. Madia,et al.  Lacrimal fluid peroxidase activity during the menstrual cycle , 2000 .

[61]  L R Ferguson,et al.  Heterocyclic amine content of cooked meat and risk of prostate cancer. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[62]  L. Marchand,et al.  Combined influence of genetic and dietary factors on colorectal cancer incidence in Japanese Americans. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs.

[63]  R. Sinha,et al.  Well-done, grilled red meat increases the risk of colorectal adenomas. , 1999, Cancer research.

[64]  Glade Mj.  Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. , 1999 .

[65]  H. Bradlow,et al.  Anti-estrogenic activities of indole-3-carbinol in cervical cells: implication for prevention of cervical cancer. , 1999, Anticancer research.

[66]  P. Knekt,et al.  Risk of colorectal and other gastro‐intestinal cancers after exposure to nitrate, nitrite and N‐nitroso compounds: a follow‐up study , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[67]  E. Bowman,et al.  Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants, and risk of breast cancer. , 1999, Cancer research.

[68]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. , 1999, The Journal of nutrition.

[69]  E. Masliah,et al.  Myeloperoxidase Polymorphism Is Associated with Gender Specific Risk for Alzheimer's Disease , 1999, Experimental Neurology.

[70]  W C Willett,et al.  A prospective study of N-acetyltransferase genotype, red meat intake, and risk of colorectal cancer. , 1998, Cancer research.

[71]  B. Ketterer.  Dietary isothiocyanates as confounding factors in the molecular epidemiology of colon cancer. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[72]  J. Witte,et al.  Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas. , 1998, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[73]  R. Sinha,et al.  Heterocyclic amine content in beef cooked by different methods to varying degrees of doneness and gravy made from meat drippings. , 1998, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[74]  D. Bell,et al.  Association between glutathione S-transferase M1, P1, and T1 genetic polymorphisms and development of breast cancer. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[75]  R. Sinha,et al.  Breast cancer risk, meat consumption and N‐acetyltransferase (NAT2) genetic polymorphisms , 1998, International journal of cancer.

[76]  R. Kato,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms in human liver phenol sulfotransferases involved in the bioactivation of N-hydroxy derivatives of carcinogenic arylamines and heterocyclic amines. , 1998, Chemico-biological interactions.

[77]  S J London,et al.  Myeloperoxidase genetic polymorphism and lung cancer risk. , 1997, Cancer research.

[78]  R. Weinshilboum,et al.  Phenol sulfotransferase pharmacogenetics in humans: association of common SULT1A1 alleles with TS PST phenotype. , 1997, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[79]  D. Douer,et al.  An allelic association implicates myeloperoxidase in the etiology of acute promyelocytic leukemia. , 1997, Blood.

[80]  T. Rebbeck.  Molecular epidemiology of the human glutathione S-transferase genotypes GSTM1 and GSTT1 in cancer susceptibility. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[81]  J. Manson,et al.  Glutathione S-transferase class mu deletion polymorphism and breast cancer: results from prevalent versus incident cases. , 1997, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[82]  R. Sinha,et al.  Exposure assessment of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in epidemiologic studies. , 1997, Mutation research.

[83]  N Ito,et al.  The prostate: a target for carcinogenicity of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) derived from cooked foods. , 1997, Cancer research.

[84]  Y. Mizuno,et al.  Structural dimorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence in the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene. A predictive evidence for conformational change to influence mitochondrial transport and a study of allelic association in Parkinson's disease. , 1996, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[85]  Gordon Vansant,et al.  An Alu Element in the Myeloperoxidase Promoter Contains a Composite SP1-Thyroid Hormone-Retinoic Acid Response Element* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[86]  R. Lerner,et al.  On signal sequence polymorphisms and diseases of distribution. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[87]  M. Boissinot,et al.  Human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphic variant Ile58Thr reduces activity by destabilizing the tetrameric interface. , 1996, Biochemistry.

[88]  V. Nguyen,et al.  Occult deposition of eosinophil peroxidase in a subset of human breast carcinomas. , 1996, The American journal of pathology.

[89]  N. Aoki,et al.  Carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain of mouse butyrophilin specifically associates with a 150-kDa protein of mammary epithelial cells and milk fat globule membrane. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[90]  S. Tretli,et al.  Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer: A prospective study of 25,892 Norwegian women , 1995, International journal of cancer.

[91]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione S-transferase (M1) genetic polymorphisms and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. , 1995, Cancer research.

[92]  David,et al.  Phagocytosis and H2O2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[93]  F. Kadlubar,et al.  Metabolic activation of N-hydroxy arylamines and N-hydroxy heterocyclic amines by human sulfotransferase(s). , 1995, Cancer research.

[94]  M A Butler,et al.  Rapid metabolic phenotypes for acetyltransferase and cytochrome P4501A2 and putative exposure to food-borne heterocyclic amines increase the risk for colorectal cancer or polyps. , 1994, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[95]  E. Riboli,et al.  Consumption of Meat, Animal Products, Protein, and Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study in New York , 1994, Epidemiology.

[96]  E. Rimm,et al.  Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. , 1994, Cancer research.

[97]  R. Goldbohm,et al.  A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer. , 1994, Cancer research.

[98]  N K Spurr,et al.  Relationship between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to bladder, breast and colon cancer. , 1993, Carcinogenesis.

[99]  J. Hou,et al.  Sequence comparison of putative regulatory DNA of the 5' flanking region of the myeloperoxidase gene in normal and leukemic bone marrow cells. , 1993, Leukemia.

[100]  N. Boyd,et al.  A meta-analysis of studies of dietary fat and breast cancer risk. , 1993, British Journal of Cancer.

[101]  R. Minchin,et al.  N-and O-acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens by human monomorphic and polymorphic acetyltransferases expressed in COS-1 cells. , 1992, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[102]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Food-derived mutagens and carcinogens. , 1992, Cancer research.

[103]  J. Brockmöller,et al.  Correlation between trans-stilbene oxide-glutathione conjugation activity and the deletion mutation in the glutathione S-transferase class mu gene detected by polymerase chain reaction. , 1992, Biochemical pharmacology.

[104]  N. Heintz,et al.  Differential regulation of antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidants. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[105]  B. Henderson,et al.  Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. , 1991, British Journal of Cancer.

[106]  G A Colditz,et al.  Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[107]  L. Vatten,et al.  Frequency of meat and fish intake and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of 14,500 norwegian women , 1990, International journal of cancer.

[108]  R. Prentice,et al.  Dietary fat and cancer: consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption , 1990, Cancer Causes & Control.

[109]  J. Felton,et al.  Activation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) to mutagenic metabolites. , 1990, Carcinogenesis.

[110]  H. Bradlow,et al.  Dietary and Pharmacological Control of Estradiol Metabolism in Humans a , 1990, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[111]  B. Modan,et al.  Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[112]  M. Knize,et al.  A comparison of mutagen production in fried ground chicken and beef: effect of supplemental creatine. , 1988, Mutagenesis.

[113]  G. Becher,et al.  Isolation and identification of mutagens from a fried Norwegian meat product. , 1988, Carcinogenesis.

[114]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Ultimate forms of mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines produced by pyrolysis. , 1983, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[115]  S. Klebanoff.  Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes. , 1980, Annals of internal medicine.

[116]  Richard Doll,et al.  Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices , 1975, International journal of cancer.

[117]  P. Buell.  Changing incidence of breast cancer in Japanese-American women. , 1973, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[118]  K. Mabuchi,et al.  Epidemiology of cancer of the prostate , 1971 .

[119]  J. Potter.  Nutrition and colorectal cancer , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[120]  L. Kolonel.  Nutrition and prostate cancer , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[121]  M. Weinrich,et al.  Association of prostate cancer with rapid N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1*10) in combination with slow N‐acetyltransferase 2 acetylator genotypes in a pilot case‐control study , 2002, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[122]  B. Green,et al.  Carcinogen–DNA adducts in human breast epithelial cells , 2002, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[123]  L. Kolonel.  Fat, meat, and prostate cancer. , 2001, Epidemiologic reviews.

[124]  C. Ambrosone.  Oxidants and antioxidants in breast cancer. , 2000, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[125]  M. Knize,et al.  Food heating and the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mutagens/carcinogens. , 1999, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[126]  E. Röhrdanz,et al.  Alterations of antioxidant enzyme expression in response to hydrogen peroxide. , 1998, Free radical biology & medicine.

[127]  C. Gilks,et al.  Antioxidant gene expression in rat lung after exposure to cigarette smoke. , 1998, The American journal of pathology.

[128]  N. Roodi,et al.  Breast cancer and CYPIA1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms: evidence of a lack of association in Caucasians and African Americans. , 1998, Cancer research.

[129]  R. Ross.  Epidemiology of prostate cancer and bladder cancer: an overview. , 1996, Cancer treatment and research.

[130]  P. D. Josephy,et al.  The role of peroxidase-catalyzed activation of aromatic amines in breast cancer. , 1996, Mutagenesis.

[131]  L. MacMillan-Crow.  On signal sequence polymorphims and diseases of distribution , 1996 .

[132]  J. Hayes,et al.  The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. , 1995, Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology.

[133]  C. Muir,et al.  The epidemiology of prostatic cancer. Geographical distribution and time-trends. , 1991, Acta oncologica.

[134]  B. Ketterer,et al.  The role of glutathione and glutathione transferases in chemical carcinogenesis. , 1990, Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology.

[135]  F. Hatch,et al.  Cooked-Food Mutagen Reference List and Index. , 1988, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[136]  V. Dunkel,et al.  Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: methods used and chemicals evaluated. , 1988, Environmental and molecular mutagenesis.

[137]  R. Doll,et al.  The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. , 1981, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.