Critical issues in interference theory

Critical issues in the theoretical and experimental analysis of interference processes in retention are reviewed. The evolution of classical two-factor theory is traced, and the strengths and weaknesses of the contemporary version of this p6sition are examined. Recent critiques of Current interference theories by Martin (1971a) and Greeno, James, and Da Polito (1971) are reviewed and examind. New conceptualizations of interference proposed by these authors, which place major emphasis on retrieval dependencies and on the role of encoding and retrieval processes, are considered and evaluated.

[1]  E. Gibson.  A systematic application of the concepts of generalization and differentiation to verbal learning , 1940 .

[2]  Arthur W. Melton,et al.  Retroactive and proactive inhibition in retention: evidence for a two-factor theory of retroactive inhibition. , 1941 .

[3]  J. A. McGeoch.  The psychology of human learning , 1942 .

[4]  Leland E. Thune,et al.  Retroactive inhibition as a function of degree of interpolated learning , 1943 .

[5]  B. Underwood,et al.  Retroactive and proactive inhibition after 5 and 48 hours. , 1948, Journal of experimental psychology.

[6]  Benton J. Underwood,et al.  Retroactive and proactive inhibition after five and forty-eight hours. , 1948 .

[7]  B. Underwood,et al.  Spontaneous recovery of verbal associations. , 1948, Journal of experimental psychology.

[8]  C. Osgood.  The similarity paradox in human learning; a resolution. , 1949, Psychological review.

[9]  D. Wickens,et al.  Retroactive inhibition as a function of the temporal position of the interpolated learning. , 1956, Journal of Experimental Psychology.

[10]  W. Runquist,et al.  Retention of verbal associates as a function of strength. , 1957, Journal of Experimental Psychology.

[11]  B. Underwood,et al.  Response learning in paired-associated lists as a function of intralist similarity. , 1959, Journal of experimental psychology.

[12]  B. Underwood,et al.  Fate of first-list associations in transfer theory. , 1959, Journal of experimental psychology.

[13]  E. Tulving,et al.  Interaction between proaction and retroaction in short-term retention. , 1959, Canadian journal of psychology.

[14]  B. Underwood,et al.  Meaningfulness and verbal learning , 1960 .

[15]  W. Estes,et al.  Learning theory and the new "mental chemistry". , 1960, Psychological review.

[16]  L. Postman.  The Present Status of Interference Theory. , 1961 .

[17]  C. N. Cofer,et al.  Verbal learning and verbal behavior. , 1961 .

[18]  L. Postman.  Transfer of training as a function of experimental paradigm and degree of first-list learning , 1962 .

[19]  R. Koppenaal,et al.  Time changes in the strengths of A–B, A–C lists; spontaneous recovery? , 1963 .

[20]  B. Garskof,et al.  Unlearning in recognition memory , 1964 .

[21]  J. Richardson,et al.  Learning during Recall Trials , 1964 .

[22]  Jean B. McGovern,et al.  Extinction of associations in four transfer paradigms. , 1964 .

[23]  J. Ceraso,et al.  UNAVAILABILITY AND ASSOCIATIVE LOSS IN RI AND PI. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[24]  J. F. Voss,et al.  ACQUISITION-TRANSFER AND RETENTION OF S-R1, S-R2 ASSOCIATION AS A FUNCTION OF S-R1, S-R2 PATTERN. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[25]  L. Postman,et al.  UNLEARNING UNDER CONDITIONS OF SUCCESSIVE INTERPOLATION. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[26]  L. Postman,et al.  The role of response set in tests of unlearning , 1965 .

[27]  G. Kimble,et al.  Extinction of R-S associations and performance on recall trials without informative feedback , 1965 .

[28]  L. Postman,et al.  UNLEARNING AS A FUNCTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE RESPONSE CLASSES. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[29]  K M DALLETT,et al.  MEDIATION INSTRUCTIONS VERSUS UNLEARNING INSTRUCTIONS IN THE A-B, A-C PARADIGM. , 1965, Journal of experimental psychology.

[30]  Improvement in recall on unreinforced recall trials. , 1966, Journal of experimental psychology.

[31]  L. Postman.  Differences between unmixed and mixed transfer designs as a function of paradigm , 1966 .

[32]  G. Keppel,et al.  Unlearning as a function of second-list error instructions , 1966 .

[33]  B. Underwood,et al.  An analysis of some shortcomings in the interference theory of forgetting. , 1966, Psychological review.

[34]  J. Ceraso,et al.  Unavailability and associative loss in RI and PI: second try. , 1966, Journal of experimental psychology.

[35]  J. Goggin.  First-list recall as a function of second-list learning method. , 1967 .

[36]  L. Postman,et al.  Conditions of cue selection in the acquisition of paired-associate lists. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[37]  J. Houston.  Stimulus selection as influenced by degrees of learning, attention, prior associations, and experience with the stimulus components. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[38]  J. Houston.  Proactive inhibition and competition at recall. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[39]  L. Postman,et al.  Retroactive inhibition in free recall. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[40]  B. Underwood,et al.  Studies of distributed practice. XXIV. Differentiation and proactive inhibition. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[41]  A. Silverstein.  Unlearning, spontaneous recovery, and the partial-reinforcement effect in paired-associate learning. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[42]  B. Garskof,et al.  Associative unlearning as a function of degree of interpolated learning , 1967 .

[43]  M. Friedman,et al.  Retroactive inhibition as a function of response-class similarity. , 1967, Journal of experimental psychology.

[44]  I. Birnbaum.  Unlearning as a function of second-list dominance , 1968 .

[45]  G. Lazar,et al.  Successive recall as a measure for the unlearning effect , 1968 .

[46]  I. Birnbaum.  Response-class similarity and first-list recall with mixed and unmixed transfer designs. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[47]  L. Postman,et al.  Temporal changes in interference. , 1968 .

[48]  E. Martin,et al.  Stimulus meaningfulness and paired-associate transfer: an encoding variability hypothesis. , 1968, Psychological review.

[49]  List-1 Recall and Associative Strength of List-2 Pairs , 1968 .

[50]  B. Underwood,et al.  Effect of temporal separation of two tasks on proactive inhibition. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[51]  J. Goggin.  Retroactive inhibition with different patterns of interpolated lists. , 1968 .

[52]  E Winograd,et al.  List differentiation as a function of frequency and retention interval. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[53]  T. Dixon,et al.  Verbal behavior and general behavior theory , 1968 .

[54]  B. Garskof.  Unlearning as a function of degree on interpolated learning and method of testing in the A-B, A-C and A-B, C-D paradigms. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[55]  G. Keppel,et al.  Influence of nonspecific interference on response recall , 1969 .

[56]  Leo Postman,et al.  Role of response availability in transfer and interference , 1969 .

[57]  J. Abra.  List-1 unlearning and recovery as a function of the point of interpolated learning. , 1969 .

[58]  L. Postman,et al.  Conditions of recovery after unlearning , 1969 .

[59]  Successive interpolation and first-list recall in the A-B, A-C and A-B, D-C paradigms , 1969 .

[60]  Chaiyaporn Wichawut,et al.  Selective Stimulus Encoding and Over-Learning in Paired-Associate Learning. , 1970 .

[61]  William E. Forrester.  Retroactive inhibition and spontaneous recovery in the A-B, D-C paradigm , 1970 .

[62]  Dennis J. Delprato.  Successive Recall of List 1 Following List 2 Learning with Two Retroactive Inhibition Transfer Paradigms. , 1970 .

[63]  S. A. MacKay,et al.  A Test of the List-Differentiation Hypothesis. , 1970 .

[64]  Thomas J. Mccrystal.  List Differentiation as a Function of Time and Test Order. , 1970 .

[65]  Maintenance of First-List Associations During Transfer. , 1970 .

[66]  I. Birnbaum.  Response Selection and Retroactive Inhibition. , 1970 .

[67]  L. Postman,et al.  Response availability and associative recall , 1970 .

[68]  Stimulus meaningfulness, transfer, and retroactive inhibition in the A-B, A-C paradigm , 1970 .

[69]  Edwin Martin,et al.  Effects of response-set similarity on unlearning and spontaneous recovery , 1970 .

[70]  B. Underwood,et al.  Encoding variability: Tests of the Martin hypothesis , 1970 .

[71]  E. Martin,et al.  Forced stimulus encoding and retroactive interference , 1970 .

[72]  C. Merryman,et al.  Stimulus encoding in the A-B', AX-B and the A-B'r, AX-B paradigms , 1971 .

[73]  E. Martin.  Verbal learning theory and independent retrieval phenomena. , 1971 .

[74]  Norman W. Bray,et al.  Interference and retrieval. , 1971 .

[75]  Richard C. Anderson,et al.  Response competition in the forgetting of paired associates , 1971 .

[76]  G. Wood.  Activity, organization, retroactive inhibition, and free recall , 1971 .

[77]  E. Tulving,et al.  Retroactive inhibition in free recall: Inaccessibility of information available in the memory store , 1971 .

[78]  Encoding Variability and Transfer , 1971 .

[79]  Edwin Martin,et al.  Stimulus component independence , 1971 .

[80]  Charles N. Cofer,et al.  Retroactive inhibition following reinstatement or maintenance of first-list responses by means of free recall , 1971 .

[81]  C. Merryman.  Retroactive Inhibition in the A-B, A-D Paradigm as Measured by a Multiple-Choice Test. , 1971 .

[82]  Edwin Martin,et al.  Independence of A-B and A-C associations in retroaction , 1971 .

[83]  James G. Greeno,et al.  A cognitive interpretation of negative transfer and forgetting of paired associates , 1971 .

[84]  G. Weaver,et al.  Item-specific retroactive inhibition in mixed-list comparisons of the A-B, A-C, and A-B, D-C paradigms , 1971 .

[85]  Dennis J. Delprato,et al.  Specific-Pair Interference on Recall and Associative-Matching Retention Tests. , 1971 .

[86]  Lynn Hasher,et al.  Conditions of proactive inhibition in free recall. , 1972 .

[87]  L. Postman,et al.  Temporal changes in interference under different paradigms of transfer , 1972 .

[88]  Douglas L. Hintzman,et al.  On testing the independence of associations. , 1972 .

[89]  L. Postman,et al.  On the measurement of retroactive inhibition in the A-B, A-D paradigm by the multiple-choice method: Reply to merryman , 1972 .

[90]  James G. Greeno,et al.  Independence of associations tested: A reply to D. L. Hintzman , 1972 .

[91]  D. Lehr,et al.  Retroactive inhibition, spontaneous recovery, and type of interpolated learning , 1972 .

[92]  S. Greenberg,et al.  Is matching performance an adequate test of “extinction” effects on individual association? , 1972 .

[93]  I. Birnbaum.  General and specific components of retroactive inhibition in the A-B, A-C paradigm. , 1972 .