Evidenzbasierte Rehabilitation der Mobilität nach Schlaganfall

ZusammenfassungHintergrundBei etwa zwei Drittel der Schlaganfallpatienten ist zumindest initial auch die Mobilität gestört. Zur Rehabilitation werden zahlreiche verschiedene Konzepte postuliert.FragestellungWelche Rehabilitationsmethoden können auf der Basis der Studienlage zur Verbesserung der Gehfähigkeit, der Gehgeschwindigkeit, der Gehstrecke und der Stand- und Gangsicherheit empfohlen werden?Material und MethodeSystematische Literaturrecherche nach randomisierten klinischen Studien und Reviews mit klinisch relevanten Zielkriterien der Mobilität. Formulierung von Empfehlungen, getrennt für Zielkriterien und den Phasen nach einem SchlaganfallErgebnisseDie Kernmaßnahme zur Wiederherstellung und Verbesserung der Gehfähigkeit ist eine hohe Anzahl von Wiederholungen von Gehbewegungen, in Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad des Patienten geräteunterstützt. Bei weniger stark betroffenen Patienten wird zur Erhöhung der Gehgeschwindigkeit das intensive Gangtraining empfohlen, bei dem die Geräteunterstützung optional, aber nicht als überlegen anzusehen ist. Eine Verbesserung der Gehstrecke erfordert aerobes, kardiovaskulär wirksames Ausdauertraining, zwingend eingebettet in einen funktionellen Kontext. Die beste Strategie zur Verbesserung der Balance ist nicht das isolierte Balancetraining, sondern das intensive Gangtraining im alltagsrelevanten funktionellen Kontext. Zusätzliche Stimulationsverfahren wirken nur, wenn sie in funktionell relevantes Training eingebunden werden.DiskussionDie Leitlinie bietet nicht nur klare Handlungsanweisungen, sondern auch pathophysiologische Einsichten zur Funktionserholung des Gehens und Stehens nach einem Schlaganfall.AbstractBackgroundApproximately two thirds of stroke patients initially suffer from at least impaired mobility. Various rehabilitation concepts have been proposed.ObjectiveBased on the current literature, which rehabilitation methods can be recommended for improvement of gait, gait velocity, gait distance and balance?MethodsA systematic literature search was carried out for randomized clinical studies and reviews with clinically relevant outcome variables. Formulation of recommendations, separated for target variables and time after stroke.ResultsRestoration and improvement of gait function relies on a high number of repetitions of gait movements, which for more severely affected patients is preferentially machine-based. For improvement of gait velocity for less severely affected patients intensive gait training does not necessarily rely on mechanical support. Gait distance can be improved by aerobic endurance exercises with a cardiovascular effect, which have to be performed in a functional context. Improvement of balance should be achieved by intensive functional gait training. Additional stimulation techniques are only effective when included in a functionally relevant training program.DiscussionThese guidelines not only provide recommendations for action but also provide pathophysiological insights into functional restoration of stance and gait after stroke.

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