Protein folding is slaved to solvent motions

Proteins, the workhorses of living systems, are constructed from chains of amino acids, which are synthesized in the cell based on the instructions of the genetic code and then folded into working proteins. The time for folding varies from microseconds to hours. What controls the folding rate is hotly debated. We postulate here that folding has the same temperature dependence as the α-fluctuations in the bulk solvent but is much slower. We call this behavior slaving. Slaving has been observed in folded proteins: Large-scale protein motions follow the solvent fluctuations with rate coefficient kα but can be slower by a large factor. Slowing occurs because large-scale motions proceed in many small steps, each determined by kα. If conformational motions of folded proteins are slaved, so a fortiori must be the motions during folding. The unfolded protein makes a Brownian walk in the conformational space to the folded structure, with each step controlled by kα. Because the number of conformational substates in the unfolded protein is extremely large, the folding rate coefficient, kf, is much smaller than kα. The slaving model implies that the activation enthalpy of folding is dominated by the solvent, whereas the number of steps nf = kα/kf is controlled by the number of accessible substates in the unfolded protein and the solvent. Proteins, however, undergo not only α- but also β-fluctuations. These additional fluctuations are local protein motions that are essentially independent of the bulk solvent fluctuations and may be relevant at late stages of folding.