Advances in SELEX and application of aptamers in the central nervous system.

SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) is a screening technique that involves the progressive selection of highly specific ligands by repeated rounds of partition and amplification from a large combinatorial nucleic acid library. The products of the selection are called aptamers, which are short single stranded DNA or RNA molecules, binding with high affinity, attributed to their specific three-dimensional shapes, to a large variety of targets, ranging from small molecules to complex mixtures. Various improvement of the original SELEX method described in 1990 have been obtained recently, such as capillary electrophoresis SELEX, Toggle-SELEX, Tailored-SELEX, Photo-SELEX, and others. These new variants greatly shorten time of selection and improve aptamer affinity and specificity. Such aptamers have great potential as detecting and/or diagnostic reagents. Furthermore, some aptamers specifically inhibit biological functions of targeted proteins, and are considered as potent therapeutic lead structures evaluated in preclinical disease models. Recently, one aptamer has been approved by Food and Drug Administration of US for treating age-related macular degeneration. This review presents recent advances in the field of SELEX with special emphasis on applications of aptamers as analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the central nervous system.

[1]  L. Gold,et al.  A tenascin-C aptamer identified by tumor cell SELEX: Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  M. Mascini,et al.  Aptamer-based detection of plasma proteins by an electrochemical assay coupled to magnetic beads. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.

[3]  D. Zichi,et al.  Kinetic analysis of site-specific photoaptamer-protein cross-linking. , 2004, Journal of molecular biology.

[4]  Damian Labuda,et al.  In vitro evolution of RNA aptamers recognizing carcinogenic aromatic amines. , 2004, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[5]  M. Berezovski,et al.  Selection of smart aptamers by equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures (ECEEM). , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  S. Salvadori,et al.  Pharmacological Profile Of Nociceptin/Orphanin Fq Receptors , 2002, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[7]  C. Townsend,et al.  Reduced food intake and body weight in mice treated with fatty acid synthase inhibitors. , 2000, Science.

[8]  S. Klußmann,et al.  In vitro selection using a dual RNA library that allows primerless selection , 2006, Nucleic acids research.

[9]  G. Wenzel,et al.  In vitro selection , 1993 .

[10]  M. Willis,et al.  Diagnostic potential of PhotoSELEX-evolved ssDNA aptamers. , 2000, Journal of biotechnology.

[11]  M. Bowser,et al.  In vitro selection of high-affinity DNA ligands for human IgE using capillary electrophoresis. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[12]  A. Heckel,et al.  Light‐Induced Formation of G‐Quadruplex DNA Secondary Structures , 2005, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[13]  Georg Sczakiel,et al.  Endogenous expression of a high-affinity pseudoknot RNA aptamer suppresses replication of HIV-1. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[14]  M. Famulok,et al.  Prion‐Protein‐Specific Aptamer Reduces PrPSc Formation , 2002, Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology.

[15]  J. Sennello,et al.  In vivo imaging of inflammation using an aptamer inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase. , 1997, Chemistry & biology.

[16]  M. Famulok,et al.  RNA aptamers specifically interact with the prion protein PrP , 1997, Journal of virology.

[17]  P. Colman,et al.  Three‐dimensional structure of the complex of 4‐guanidino‐Neu5Ac2en and influenza virus neuraminidase , 1995, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[18]  W. Tan,et al.  Protein-protein interaction studies based on molecular aptamers by affinity capillary electrophoresis. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[19]  T. Yokoyama,et al.  Characterization and application of a novel RNA aptamer against the mouse prion protein. , 2006, Journal of biochemistry.

[20]  J. Nevins,et al.  Optimizing aptamer activity for gene therapy applications using expression cassette SELEX. , 2002, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[21]  J C Cox,et al.  Automated selection of anti-protein aptamers. , 2001, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry.

[22]  H. Erickson,et al.  Tenascin: an extracellular matrix protein prominent in specialized embryonic tissues and tumors. , 1989, Annual review of cell biology.

[23]  O. Uhlenbeck,et al.  RNA aptamers as pathway-specific MAP kinase inhibitors. , 2000, Chemistry & biology.

[24]  D. Drolet,et al.  Aptamer affinity chromatography: combinatorial chemistry applied to protein purification. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical sciences and applications.

[25]  Ping Wang,et al.  DNA Aptamers That Bind to PrPC and Not PrpSc Show Sequence and Structure Specificity , 2006, Experimental biology and medicine.

[26]  D. Gray,et al.  Selection of genomic sequences that bind tightly to Ff gene 5 protein: primer-free genomic SELEX. , 2004, Nucleic acids research.

[27]  S. Jayasena.  Aptamers: an emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics. , 1999, Clinical chemistry.

[28]  Ying-Fon Chang,et al.  Tenascin-C Aptamers Are Generated Using Tumor Cells and Purified Protein* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  J. Hope,et al.  Characterization of 2′-Fluoro-RNA Aptamers That Bind Preferentially to Disease-associated Conformations of Prion Protein and Inhibit Conversion* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  George Georgiou,et al.  Automated selection of aptamers against protein targets translated in vitro: from gene to aptamer. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[31]  S. Nishikawa,et al.  Novel Approach to Analyzing RNA Aptamer-Protein Interactions: Toward Further Applications of Aptamers , 2006, Journal of biomolecular screening.

[32]  S. Klußmann,et al.  Short bioactive Spiegelmers to migraine-associated calcitonin gene-related peptide rapidly identified by a novel approach: tailored-SELEX. , 2003, Nucleic acids research.

[33]  R. Kennedy,et al.  Aptamers as ligands in affinity probe capillary electrophoresis. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  F. Ducongé,et al.  An Autocrine Loop Involving Ret and Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Retinoic Acid–Induced Neuroblastoma Cell Differentiation , 2006, Molecular Cancer Research.

[35]  Subash C B Gopinath,et al.  A potent anti-coagulant RNA aptamer inhibits blood coagulation by specifically blocking the extrinsic clotting pathway , 2006, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[36]  J. Grosclaude,et al.  Fast, reversible interaction of prion protein with RNA aptamers containing specific sequence patterns , 2006, Archives of Virology.

[37]  A. Heckel,et al.  Light regulation of aptamer activity: an anti-thrombin aptamer with caged thymidine nucleobases. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[38]  J. Kiel,et al.  Anti-Francisella tularensis DNA aptamers detect tularemia antigen from different subspecies by Aptamer-Linked Immobilized Sorbent Assay , 2006, Laboratory Investigation.

[39]  S. Salvadori,et al.  Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor ligands , 2000, Peptides.

[40]  H. Ulrich,et al.  Selection of 2′-Fluoro-modified RNA Aptamers for Alleviation of Cocaine and MK-801Inhibition of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor , 2004, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[41]  B. Sullenger,et al.  Isolation of a nuclease-resistant decoy RNA that can protect human acetylcholine receptors from myasthenic antibodies , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[42]  M. Bowser,et al.  In vitro selection of aptamers with affinity for neuropeptide Y using capillary electrophoresis. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  M E Eldefrawi,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA molecules that displace cocaine from the membrane-bound nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  L. Gold,et al.  Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. , 1990, Science.

[45]  M. Michel,et al.  Emerging functions for neuropeptide Y5 receptors. , 1999, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[46]  B. Sullenger,et al.  Gene therapy progress and prospects: RNA aptamers , 2007, Gene Therapy.

[47]  Michael Famulok,et al.  A Y2 Receptor Mimetic Aptamer Directed against Neuropeptide Y* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[48]  W. Tan,et al.  Molecular aptamers for real-time protein-protein interaction study. , 2005, Chemistry.

[49]  D. Bunka,et al.  Aptamers come of age – at last , 2006, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[50]  M. Stojanović,et al.  Modular aptameric sensors. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[51]  B. Sullenger,et al.  Generation of species cross-reactive aptamers using "toggle" SELEX. , 2001, Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy.

[52]  P. Burgstaller,et al.  Biostable aptamers with antagonistic properties to the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ. , 2004, RNA.

[53]  Sergey N Krylov,et al.  Non-SELEX: selection of aptamers without intermediate amplification of candidate oligonucleotides , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[54]  W. James,et al.  Structural Determinants of Conformationally Selective, Prion-binding Aptamers*[boxs] , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[55]  Bertrand Tavitian,et al.  Neutralizing Aptamers from Whole-Cell SELEX Inhibit the RET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase , 2005, PLoS biology.

[56]  Glen Hybarger,et al.  A microfluidic SELEX prototype , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[57]  H. Schluesener,et al.  Ultrasensitive detection of protein using an aptamer-based exonuclease protection assay. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[58]  M. Bowser,et al.  In vitro evolution of functional DNA using capillary electrophoresis. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[59]  S. Rees,et al.  Generation of RNA aptamers to the G-protein-coupled receptor for neurotensin, NTS-1. , 2002, Analytical biochemistry.

[60]  Gregor Blaha,et al.  Structures of MLSBK Antibiotics Bound to Mutated Large Ribosomal Subunits Provide a Structural Explanation for Resistance , 2005, Cell.

[61]  J. Szostak,et al.  In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands , 1990, Nature.

[62]  M. Famulok,et al.  RNA aptamers selectively modulate protein recruitment to the cytoplasmic domain of beta-secretase BACE1 in vitro. , 2006, RNA.

[63]  D. H. Burke,et al.  HIV-1 inactivation by nucleic acid aptamers. , 2006, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[64]  S. Klußmann,et al.  Development of an automated in vitro selection protocol to obtain RNA-based aptamers: identification of a biostable substance P antagonist , 2005, Nucleic acids research.