Prostate-specific membrane antigen-based imaging.

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy affecting men in North America. Despite significant efforts, conventional imaging of CaP does not contribute to patient management as much as imaging performed for other common cancers. Given the lack of specificity in conventional imaging techniques, one possible solution is to screen for CaP-specific antigenic targets and generate agents able to specifically bind. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed in CaP tissue, with low levels of expression in the small intestine, renal tubular cells, and salivary gland. The first clinical agent for targeting PSMA was (111)In-capromab, involving an antibody recognizing the internal domain of PSMA. The second- and third-generation humanized PSMA binding antibodies have the potential to overcome some of the limitations inherent to capromab penditide (i.e., inability to bind to live CaP cells). One example is the humanized monoclonal antibody J591 (Hu mAb J591) that was developed primarily for therapeutic purposes but also has interesting imaging characteristics, including the identification of bone metastases in CaP. The major disadvantage of use of mAb for imaging is slow target recognition and background clearance in an appropriate time frame for diagnostic imaging. Urea-based compounds, such as small molecule inhibitors may also present promising agents for CaP imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Two such small-molecule inhibitors targeting PSMA, MIP-1072, and MIP-1095 have exhibited high affinity for PSMA. The uptake of (123)I-MIP-1072 and (123)I-MIP-1095 in CaP xenografts have imaged successfully with favorable properties amenable to human trials. While advances in conventional imaging will continue, Ab and small molecule imaging exemplified by PSMA targeting have the greatest potential to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

[1]  M. Lekka,et al.  Expression of prostate specific membrane antigen in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line PC-3. , 2005, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[2]  C. J. Schettino,et al.  Impact of fusion of indium-111 capromab pendetide volume data sets with those from MRI or CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer. , 2004, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[3]  P. Schellhammer,et al.  Expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in normal, benign, and malignant prostate tissues. , 1995, Urologic oncology.

[4]  H. Kijima,et al.  Immunohistochemical detection of carcinoma in radical prostatectomy specimens following hormone therapy , 2008, Pathology international.

[5]  J. Bowie,et al.  A novel cytoplasmic tail MXXXL motif mediates the internalization of prostate-specific membrane antigen. , 2003, Molecular biology of the cell.

[6]  A. Jemal,et al.  Cancer statistics, 2011 , 2011, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[7]  G. Reischl,et al.  PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer Xenografts with a Highly Specific Antibody against the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen , 2009, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[8]  Michael G. Stabin,et al.  SNM Practice Guideline for Sodium 18F-Fluoride PET/CT Bone Scans 1.0* , 2010, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[9]  P. Nieh,et al.  Radiolabeled monoclonal antibody indium 111-labeled CYT-356 localizes extraprostatic recurrent carcinoma after prostatectomy. , 1998, Urology.

[10]  M. Morris,et al.  Novel Tracers and Their Development for the Imaging of Metastatic Prostate Cancer* , 2008, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[11]  R L Sokoloff,et al.  A dual‐monoclonal sandwich assay for prostate‐specific membrane antigen: Levels in tissues, seminal fluid and urine , 2000, The Prostate.

[12]  M. Manyak,et al.  (111) INDIUM-CAPROMAB PENDETIDE IN THE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH RESIDUAL OR RECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY , 1998 .

[13]  S. Larson,et al.  89Zr-DFO-J591 for ImmunoPET of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Expression In Vivo , 2010, The Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[14]  Gerald Q. Maguire,et al.  Procedure for unmasking localization information from ProstaScint scans for prostate radiation therapy treatment planning. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[15]  G. Chodak,et al.  The role of 111indium-capromab pendetide imaging for assessing biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. , 2004, The Journal of urology.

[16]  R. Coleman,et al.  Targeting metastatic prostate cancer [PCa] in patients with 123I-MIP1072 & 123I-MIP1095 , 2009 .

[17]  Shankar Vallabhajosula,et al.  Phase I trial of 177lutetium-labeled J591, a monoclonal antibody to prostate-specific membrane antigen, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. , 2005, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[18]  E H Holmes,et al.  Preclinical evaluation of a monoclonal antibody (3C6) specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen. , 2009, Current radiopharmaceuticals.

[19]  G. Reischl,et al.  High‐resolution animal PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with three different 64Cu‐labeled antibodies against native cell‐adherent PSMA , 2010, The Prostate.

[20]  M. Pomper,et al.  Radiolabeled Small-Molecule Ligands for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen: In vivo Imaging in Experimental Models of Prostate Cancer , 2005, Clinical Cancer Research.

[21]  Slave Trajanoski,et al.  Heterogeneity of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Expression in Prostate Carcinoma with Distant Metastasis , 2009, Pathology & Oncology Research.

[22]  George L. Wright,et al.  Location of prostate‐specific membrane antigen in the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line , 1997, The Prostate.

[23]  S Beddar,et al.  Radioimmunoguided imaging of prostate cancer foci with histopathological correlation. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[24]  P. Schellhammer,et al.  Upregulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen after androgen-deprivation therapy. , 1996, Urology.

[25]  S. Vallabhajosula,et al.  Phase I trial of yttrium-90-labeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody J591 for androgen-independent prostate cancer. , 2004, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[26]  C. Cordon-Cardo,et al.  Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. , 1997, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[27]  N. Bander,et al.  Antibody-based therapeutics: Focus on prostate cancer , 2005, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[28]  Z. Hall Cancer , 1906, The Hospital.

[29]  G. Bakale,et al.  Synergistic value of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography fusion to radioimmunoscintigraphic imaging of prostate cancer. , 2007, Seminars in nuclear medicine.

[30]  M. Goris,et al.  Treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with 90Y-CYT-356 monoclonal antibody. , 1996, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[31]  Patrick W McLaughlin,et al.  Indium-111-capromab pendetide radioimmunoscintigraphy and prognosis for durable biochemical response to salvage radiation therapy in men after failed prostatectomy. , 2003, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[32]  S. Larson,et al.  Noninvasive measurement of androgen receptor signaling with a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[33]  R. Bahnson,et al.  Preliminary imaging results using In-111 labeled CYT-356 (Prostascint) in the detection of recurrent prostate cancer. , 1996, Clinical nuclear medicine.

[34]  Martin G Pomper,et al.  A low molecular weight PSMA-based fluorescent imaging agent for cancer. , 2009, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[35]  A. Kozikowski,et al.  A series of halogenated heterodimeric inhibitors of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as radiolabeled probes for targeting prostate cancer. , 2009, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[36]  N. Bander Technology Insight: monoclonal antibody imaging of prostate cancer , 2006, Nature Clinical Practice Urology.

[37]  H. VanBrocklin,et al.  Assessment of an 18F-Labeled Phosphoramidate Peptidomimetic as a New Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen–Targeted Imaging Agent for Prostate Cancer , 2009, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[38]  G. Murphy,et al.  Immunoscintigraphy of prostatic cancer: Preliminary results with 111in‐labeled monoclonal antibody 7E11‐C5.3 (CYT‐356) , 1991, The Prostate.

[39]  Baris Turkbey,et al.  Imaging techniques for prostate cancer: implications for focal therapy , 2009, Nature Reviews Urology.

[40]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression is greatest in prostate adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases. , 1998, Urology.

[41]  Hisataka Kobayashi,et al.  Targeted, activatable, in vivo fluorescence imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positive tumors using the quenched humanized J591 antibody-indocyanine green (ICG) conjugate. , 2011, Bioconjugate chemistry.

[42]  H. Ananias,et al.  Expression of the gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor, the prostate stem cell antigen and the prostate‐specific membrane antigen in lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancer , 2009, The Prostate.

[43]  M. Manyak,et al.  111Indium-capromab pendetide in the evaluation of patients with residual or recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The ProstaScint Study Group. , 1998, The Journal of urology.

[44]  D. Bostwick,et al.  Prostate specific membrane antigen expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma , 1998, Cancer.

[45]  P. Carroll Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies specific to the extracellular domain of prostate-specific membrane antigen: preclinical studies in nude mice bearing LNCaP human prostate tumor , 2003 .

[46]  J. Seidel,et al.  N-[N-[(S)-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl]Carbamoyl]-4-[18F]Fluorobenzyl-l-Cysteine, [18F]DCFBC: A New Imaging Probe for Prostate Cancer , 2008, Clinical Cancer Research.

[47]  George L. Wright,et al.  Detection and characterization of the prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tissue extracts and body fluids , 1995, International journal of cancer.

[48]  G H Hinkle,et al.  Immunoscintigraphy with indium-111-capromab pendetide: evaluation before definitive therapy in patients with prostate cancer. , 1999, Urology.

[49]  W. Schultze‐Seemann,et al.  Three conformational antibodies specific for different PSMA epitopes are promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for prostate cancer , 2009, The Prostate.

[50]  H. Beltran,et al.  Anti–prostate‐Specific membrane antigen‐based radioimmunotherapy for prostate cancer , 2010, Cancer.

[51]  W. Heston,et al.  Tumor target prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and its regulation in prostate cancer , 2004, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[52]  W. Fair,et al.  Expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen. , 1994, Cancer research.

[53]  G. Murphy,et al.  Monoclonal antibodies to a new antigenic marker in epithelial prostatic cells and serum of prostatic cancer patients. , 1987, Anticancer research.

[54]  W. Fair,et al.  Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specific membrane antigen. , 1993, Cancer research.

[55]  Martin G Pomper,et al.  Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. , 2009, Cancer research.

[56]  W. Schultze‐Seemann,et al.  A new generation of monoclonal and recombinant antibodies against cell‐adherent prostate specific membrane antigen for diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of prostate cancer , 2006, The Prostate.