Appendix A. Mathematical Appendix

Denote by Λ í µí±¡ the Lagrange multiplier attached to the capital accumulation equation. The optimal policy is characterized by the first order conditions: (1 − í µí»¼)í µí°´í µí±¡ í µí°¾ í µí±¡ í µí»¼ í µí°¿ í µí±¡ −í µí»¼ = í µí±¤, (í µí°´. 1) í µí¼•í µí° ¶ í µí¼•í µí°¼ í µí±¡ = í µí»½í µí´¼ í µí±¡ (Λ í µí±¡+1), (í µí°´. 2) í µí»¼í µí°´í µí±¡ í µí°¾ í µí±¡ í µí»¼−1 í µí°¿ í µí±¡ 1−í µí»¼ − í µí¼•í µí° ¶ í µí¼•í µí°¾ í µí±¡ − Λ í µí±¡ + í µí»½(1 − í µí»¿)í µí´¼ í µí±¡ (Λ í µí±¡+1) = 0. (í µí°´. 3) Under quadratic adjustment costs, Equations (A.1)-(A.3) imply the standard Q-theory investment equation: í µí°¼ í µí±¡ í µí°¾ í µí±¡ = (í µí±Ž − 1 í µí±) + í µí»½ í µí± í µí´¼ í µí±¡ (Λ í µí±¡+1), (í µí°´. 4) where it is immediate to link í µí´¼ í µí±¡ (Λ í µí±¡+1) to Tobin's í µí±„. To do so, one needs to: i) multiply both sides of Equation (A.3) by current capital stock í µí°¾ í µí±¡ , ii) use the capital accumulation equation to replace í µí°¾ í µí±¡ with (í µí°¾ í µí±¡+1 − í µí°¼ í µí±¡)/(1 − í µí»¿) in front of Λ í µí±¡+1 , and iii) exploit constant returns to scale of output and investment costs. By so doing, one obtains the stochastic difference equation: Λ í µí±¡ í µí°¾ í µí±¡ = Π í µí±¡ + í µí»½í µí´¼ í µí±¡ [Λ í µí±¡+1 í µí°¾ í µí±¡+1 ] = 0, (í µí°´. 5) where Π í µí±¡ = í µí°´í µí±¡ í µí°¾ í µí±¡ í µí»¼ í µí°¿ í µí±¡ 1−í µí»¼ − í µí±¤í µí°¿ í µí±¡ − í µí° ¶(í µí°¼ í µí±¡ , í µí°¾ í µí±¡) are the firms' earnings in period í µí±¡. By iterating Equation (A.5) forward, and by imposing the transversality condition, we find: í µí´¼ í µí±¡ (Λ í µí±¡+1) = í µí´¼ í µí±¡ [∑ í µí»½ í µí± −(í µí±¡+1) Π í µí± í µí± ≥í µí±¡+1 ] í µí°¾ í µí±¡+1. (í µí°´. 6) Consider now how we obtain our main estimating equation from Equation (2) in the text. Log-linearization of Equation (2) yields: í µí±– í µí±¡ í µí± í …

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