Searching for designs : paradigm and progress

rMost CAD systems operate within a paradigm that makes it impossible for computers to materially assist in design. Yet in the research community, the well-established search paradigm is technically ready for broader application. This paper describes design search using the devices of set theory and grammars. It constructs a model of design spaces as a framework for creating new types of systems, and argues that current professional CAD systems cannot easily adapt the search paradigm. Two approaches to systems that use design search, potentially exhaustive enumeration and spatial grammars are discussed with reference to existing research efforts. This work has been supported by the Engineering Design Research Center, an NSF Engineering Research Center, and by NSF grant MSM-8717307. UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15213 Searching for Designs: Paradigm and Practice

[1]  T Weissman Knight.  Transformations of Languages of Designs: Part 3 , 1983 .

[2]  William J. Mitchell,et al.  Counting Palladian Plans , 1978 .

[3]  T Weissman Knight,et al.  The Forty-One Steps , 1981 .

[4]  U Flemming,et al.  More Than the Sum of Parts: The Grammar of Queen Anne Houses , 1987 .

[5]  G. Stiny,et al.  The Grammar of Paradise: On the Generation of Mughul Gardens , 1980 .

[6]  Scott Curland Chase.  Shapes and Shape Grammars: From Mathematical Model to Computer Implementation , 1989 .

[7]  William J. Mitchell,et al.  The Palladian Grammar , 1978 .

[8]  Christopher Earl.  Creating Design Worlds , 1986 .

[9]  W. Mitchell,et al.  Synthesis and Optimization of Small Rectangular Floor Plans , 1976 .

[10]  George Stiny,et al.  Spatial Systems in Architecture and Design: Some History and Logic , 1985 .

[11]  Ulrich Flemming.  The role of sharp grammars in the analysis and creation of design , 1987 .

[12]  John S. Gero,et al.  Design by Optimization in Architecture, Building, and Construction , 1988 .

[13]  Ramesh Krishnamurti.  The Arithmetic of Shapes , 1980 .

[14]  Steven L. Tanimoto.  The elements of artificial intelligence , 1800 .

[15]  H. Koning,et al.  The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie Houses , 1981 .

[16]  Robert F. Woodbury,et al.  Structure Grammars and their Application to Design , 1991, IntCAD.

[17]  U. Flemming,et al.  A Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts , 1986 .

[18]  T Weissman Knight,et al.  Transformations of Languages of Designs: Part 1 , 1983 .

[19]  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,et al.  Development models of herbaceous plants for computer imagery purposes , 1988, SIGGRAPH.

[20]  George Stiny,et al.  Production Systems and Grammars: A Uniform Characterization , 1980 .

[21]  George Stiny,et al.  Shapes are Individuals , 1982 .

[22]  G. Stiny.  Kindergarten Grammars: Designing with Froebel's Building Gifts , 1980 .

[23]  Judea Pearl,et al.  Heuristics : intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving , 1984 .

[24]  T Weissman Knight.  Transformations of Languages of Designs: Part 2 , 1983 .

[25]  George Stiny,et al.  Spatial Relations and Grammars , 1982 .

[26]  T Weissman Knight,et al.  The Generation of Hepplewhite-Style Chair-Back Designs , 1980 .

[27]  G. Stiny.  Ice-Ray: A Note on the Generation of Chinese Lattice Designs , 1977 .

[28]  G. Stiny.  A Note on the Description of Designs , 1981 .

[29]  G. Stiny.  Introduction to Shape and Shape Grammars , 1980 .

[30]  Ramesh Krishnamurti,et al.  The Construction of Shapes , 1981 .

[31]  U Flemming,et al.  The Bungalows of Buffalo , 1981 .

[32]  George Stiny.  What designers do that computers should , 1990 .

[33]  U Flemming,et al.  The Secret of the Casa Giuliani Frigerio , 1981 .

[34]  A D Radford,et al.  EAVE, a Generative Expert System for Detailing , 1987 .

[35]  Ernest Edmonds,et al.  PICTORIAL AND FORMAL ASPECTS OF SHAPE AND SHAPE GRAMMARS On Computer Generation of Aesthetic Objects George Stiny Birkhäuser, Basel and Stuttgart, 1975418 pages133 illustrations paperback Fr./DM 48 ISBN 3-7643-0803-6 , 1976 .

[36]  Jesfis Peral,et al.  Heuristics -- intelligent search strategies for computer problem solving , 1984 .

[37]  George Stiny,et al.  Shape Grammars and the Generative Specification of Painting and Sculpture , 1971, IFIP Congress.

[38]  Philip Steadman,et al.  The evolution of designs , 1979 .

[39]  John R. Hayes,et al.  The Complete Problem Solver , 1981 .

[40]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Structure of Ill Structured Problems , 1973, Artif. Intell..

[41]  U. Flemming.  Wall Representations of Rectangular Dissections and Their Use in Automated Space Allocation , 1978 .

[42]  R A Kirsch,et al.  The Structure of Paintings: Formal Grammar and Design , 1986 .

[43]  A. Lindenmayer,et al.  Developmental models of herbaceous plants , 1990 .

[44]  George Stiny.  Composition Counts: A + E = AE , 1987 .

[45]  George Stiny.  Two Exercises in Formal Composition , 1976 .

[46]  Ramesh Krishnamurti,et al.  Towards a Shape Editor: The Implementation of a Shape Generation System , 1986 .

[47]  W. Mitchell.  Computer-aided architectural design , 1979 .

[48]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Principles of Artificial Intelligence , 1980, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[49]  U Flemming.  Wall Representations of Rectangular Dissections: Additional Results , 1980 .

[50]  John S. Gero,et al.  Logic Programming as a Means of Representing Semantics in Design Languages , 1985 .

[51]  William J. Mitchell.  Formal Representations: A Foundation for Computer-Aided Architectural Design , 1986 .