The Veins of the Posterior Fossa: Normal and Pathologic Findings

A. Introduction.- B. Historical Background.- C. Practical Methodology.- 1. The Basal Veins and Their Tributaries.- 2. The Superior and Inferior Vermian Veins.- 3. The Precentral Vein.- 4. The Peduncular and Pontine Veins.- 5. The Superior Petrosal Veins and Their Tributaries.- D. Normal Findings.- I. The Venous Sinuses.- II. The Emissary Veins.- 1. The Occipital Emissary Veins.- 2. The Anterior and Posterior Condylar Veins.- 3. The Mastoid Emissary Vein.- III. The Great Vein of Galen and Its Tributaries.- 1. The Internal Cerebral Vein.- a) The Pellucidal Vein.- b) The Vein of the Caudate Nucleus.- c) The Superior Choroidal Vein.- d) The Ventricular or Subependymal Veins.- e) The Anterior Thalamic Vein.- f) The Striothalamic Vein.- 2. The Basal Vein.- a) Origin of the Basal Vein.- b) Trunk of the Basal Vein.- c) Tributaries of the Basal Vein.- d) Veins of the Cerebral Peduncles.- e) Variations in the Drainage of the Basal Vein.- 3. The Posterior Mesencephalic Vein.- 4. The Precentral, Paracentral and Postcentral Veins.- a) The Precentral Vein.- b) The Paracentral Vein.- c) The Postcentral Vein.- 5. The Anterosuperior Cerebellar Hemispheric Vein.- 6. The Internal Occipital Veins.- 7. The Posterior Pericallosal Vein (Posterior Cerebral Vein).- 8. The Superior Thalamic Veins.- 9. The Superior Vermian Vein.- 10. The Veins of the Quadrigeminal Plate.- 11. The Veins of the Pineal Gland.- IV. The Petrosal Veins.- 1. The Superior Petrous Vein.- 2. The Inferior Petrous Vein.- V. The Superficial Veins of the Pons.- 1. The Transversal Pontine Veins.- 2. The Longitudinal Pontine Veins.- VI. The Lateral Mesencephalic Veins.- VII. The Cerebellar Hemispheric Veins.- 1. The Anterior Group.- 2. The Posterior Group.- 3. The Medial Group.- VIII. The Veins of the Medulla Oblongata and of the Fourth Ventricle.- 1. Anatomical Study.- a) The Anterior Bulbar Veins.- b) The Lateral Bulbar Veins.- c) The Posterior Bulbar Veins.- 2. Radiographic Study.- a) The Lateral Medullopontine Veins.- b) The Medial Bulbar Vein.- c) The Transversal Medullopontine Vein.- d) The Marginal Veins of the Fourth Ventricle.- IX. The Vein of the Lateral Recess of the Fourth Ventricle.- 1. Anatomical Study.- 2. Phlebographic Study.- a) Morphologic and Topographic Study of the Vein of the Lateral Recess of the Fourth Ventriclein a Frontal Projection.- b) Morphologic and Topographic Study of the Vein of the Lateral Recess of the Fourth Ventricle in Lateral Projection.- X. The Lateral Medullopontine Vein.- XI. The Inferior Vermian Vein.- XII. The Vein of the Tentorial Margin.- XIII. Venous Drainage of the Craniocervical Junction.- 1. The Internal Jugular Vein.- 2. The Posterior Jugular Vein.- 3. The Vertebral Vein.- 4. Anastomoses.- XIV. Venous Landmarks as Observed in Normal Vertebral Angiography.- 1. The Copular Point of Huang.- 2. The Anteroinferior Cerebellar Vermis.- 3. The Isthmus of the Mesencephalon.- 4. The Lateral Groove of the Medulla Oblongata.- 5. The Cerebral Peduncle.- 6. The Pons.- 7. The Quadrigeminal Plate.- 8. The Cerebellopontine Angle.- 9. The Anteroposterior Localization.- Figures 1 to 81.- E. Pathologic Findings.- I. Pathology of the Venous Sinuses.- 1. Thromboses of the Lateral Sinus.- 2. Extracerebral Tumors Touching the Sinuses.- a) Cranial Tumors.- b) Meningiomas.- c) Jugular Glomus Tumors.- II. Venous Signs of Hydrocephalus in Children.- 1. Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus.- a) Venous Signs of Congenital Stenosis of the Aqueduct of Sylvius.- b) Venous Signs of a Tumor Responsible for Compression of the Aqueduct of Sylvius.- c) Direct Venous Signs of Vascular Malformation Localized in the Aqueduct of Sylvius.- 2. Communicating Hydrocephalus.- 3. Hydranencephaly.- 4. Hydroma.- III. Intracranial Hypertension and Herniations.- 1. Herniations.- a) Cerebellar or Transtentorial Herniation.- b) Hernia of the Superior Vermis or Hernia of the Superior Vermis in the Subdural Supravermian Space.- c) Tonsillar Herniation.- d) Temporal Herniation.- e) Associated Herniations.- IV. Tumors of the Fourth Ventricle.- V. Tumors of the Brain Stem.- 1. Tumors of the Cerebral Peduncles.- 2. Tumors of the Pons.- 3. Tumors of the Medulla Oblongata.- VI. Tumors of the Mesencephalon and the Thalamus.- VII. Tumors of the Cerebellar Hemispheres.- VIII. Tumors of the Cerebellopontine Angle.- IX. Hemangioblastomas and Vascular Malformations.- X. Congenital Malformations.- Figures 82 to 171.