Robust Neural Network

Over the years multiple access techniques have gained popularity and are being used in wide range of real time applications. There are many multiple access techniques like Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) in which many users can send data in different time slots in same frequency, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in Figure 1, where users can send data at the same time in different frequencies and the other one is Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) where users can send data at same time and in same frequency using different codes. Among all these techniques CDMA proves to be the best because of reasons like it can accommodate more users in a particular bandwidth compared to the other two, Security enhancement with spreading code technique etc1–3. Another most widely used technique is Orthogonal Frequency Multiplexing (OFDM). It is a type of digital multi carrier modulation scheme. First the signal to be transmitted is divided into many narrow band channels which are at different frequencies4–6. In Figure 2 OFDM uses large number of closely spaced sub carriers which are orthogonal to each other to transmit data parallelly instead of using a single sub carrier to transmit a high rate stream of data. Each sub carrier is modulated by regular modulation schemes such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Phase Shift Keying (PSK) etc. at low symbol rate. The data rates of single carrier which transmits serially and multiple sub carriers which transmit parallelly will be similar. OFDM can be effectively used for minimizing the interference between channels which are close to each other in frequency. This technique can efficiently cope with problems like multipath fading and inter symbol interference. Abstract

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