Backoff inspired features for maximum entropy language models

Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) language models [1, 2] are linear models that are typically regularized via well-known L1 or L2 terms in the likelihood objective, hence avoiding the need for the kinds of backoff or mixture weights used in smoothed ngram language models using Katz backoff [3] and similar techniques. Even though backoff cost is not required to regularize the model, we investigate the use of backoff features in MaxEnt models, as well as some backoff-inspired variants. These features are shown to improve model quality substantially, as shown in perplexity and word-error rate reductions, even in very large scale training scenarios of tens or hundreds of billions of words and hundreds of millions of features. Index Terms: maximum entropy modeling, language modeling, n-gram models, linear models