Picometer scale single-shot photo-mechanical dynamics of candle flame plasma

Candles have been an integral part of our lives since time immemorial. It was only in 1825 when Faraday revealed different temperatures and properties of regions inside the candle flame through easy yet inquisitive demonstrations [1]. Since then many invasive and non-invasive techniques have been performed to characterize the various regions of the flame. Use of thermocouple to directly measure the change in flame temperature is the most common invasive technique [2]. These single point measurements, disturbs the flow inside the flame, in addition, deposition of soot particles on the surface may also alter affect actual temperature values, and hence, a major source of error in the output.