Entrepreneurial culture, regional innovativeness and economic growth

In this paper, we empirically study the relationship between entrepreneurial culture and economic growth. Based on a micro based comparison of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, we develop a measure reflecting entrepreneurial attitude at the regional level. We subsequently relate this newly developed variable, ‘entrepreneurial culture,’ to innovativeness and economic growth in 54 European regions. Extensive robustness analysis suggests that differences in economic growth in Europe can be explained by differences in entrepreneurial culture, albeit mostly in an indirect way.

[1]  Raimar Richers The theory of economic development , 1961 .

[2]  D. Storey,et al.  The Link between Firm Births and Job Creation: Is there a Upas Tree Effect? , 2004 .

[3]  S. Goetz,et al.  State-Level Determinants of Entrepreneurship and a Preliminary Measure of Entrepreneurial Climate , 2001 .

[4]  Robert C. Davis,et al.  The Achieving Society , 1962 .

[5]  I. Begg FACTOR MOBILITY AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION , 1995 .

[6]  Jean-Jacques Laffont,et al.  A General Equilibrium Entrepreneurial Theory of Firm Formation Based on Risk Aversion , 1979, Journal of Political Economy.

[7]  S. P. Schatz n Achievement and Economic Growth: A Critique , 1965 .

[8]  A. Stel,et al.  Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development , 2005 .

[9]  Enrico Santarelli,et al.  Patents and the Geographic Localization of R&D Spillovers in French Manufacturing , 2001 .

[10]  D. Weil,et al.  A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth Author ( s ) : , 2008 .

[11]  Z. Ács,et al.  Employment Growth and Entrepreneurial Activity in Cities , 2004 .

[12]  Regional variations in firm formation: Panel and cross-section data evidence from Finland , 2000 .

[13]  Roy Thurik,et al.  The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth , 2003 .

[14]  William J. Baumol,et al.  Entrepreneurship, Management, and the Structure of Payoffs , 1994 .

[15]  Chao-chuan Chen,et al.  Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? , 1998 .

[16]  Hurvey Leibenstein Allocative efficiency vs. X-Efficiency , 1966 .

[17]  Wee Liang Tan,et al.  The Socio-Cultural Environment for Entrepreneurship: A Comparison Between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon Countries , 2001 .

[18]  C. Gilleard The achieving society revisited: A further analysis of the relation between national economic growth and need achievement , 1989 .

[19]  D. Keeble,et al.  Regional Disparity and Economic Development in the European Community , 1982 .

[20]  Bennett Harrison,et al.  Industrial Districts: Old Wine in New Bottles? , 1992 .

[21]  Cem Ertur,et al.  Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980−1995 , 2000 .

[22]  A. Stel Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Studies , 2005 .

[23]  T. Amemiya QUALITATIVE RESPONSE MODELS: A SURVEY , 1981 .

[24]  K. Ohmae,et al.  The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies , 1995 .

[25]  Rita Gunther McGrath,et al.  More Like Each Other than Anyone Else? A Cross-Cultural Study of Entrepreneurial Perceptions , 1992 .

[26]  P. Braunerhjelm,et al.  Geographical Concentration, Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth: Evidence from Regional Data in Sweden, 1975-99 , 2004 .

[27]  Edward Lorenz,et al.  Collective Learning, Tacit Knowledge and Regional Innovative Capacity , 1999 .

[28]  W. Baumol Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-run Data Show , 1985 .

[29]  R. Martin,et al.  Slow Convergence? The New Endogenous Growth Theory and Regional Development* , 1998 .

[30]  Stanley Cromie Assessing entrepreneurial inclinations: Some approaches and empirical evidence , 2000 .

[31]  Jonathan R.W. Temple,et al.  The New Growth Evidence , 1999 .

[32]  Hollis B. Chenery,et al.  PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH , 1960 .

[33]  Personal and Regional Determinants of Entrepreneurial Activities: Empirical Evidence from the Rem Germany , 2002, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[34]  L. Yeager Austrian Economics, Neoclassicism, and the Market Test , 1997 .

[35]  J. Spence,et al.  Achievement American style: The rewards and costs of individualism. , 1985 .

[36]  Scott Shane,et al.  Why do some societies invent more than others , 1992 .

[37]  Michael Fritsch,et al.  Entrepreneurship, entry and performance of new business compared in two growth regimes: East and West Germany , 2004 .

[38]  Lawrence E. Harrison Underdevelopment Is a State of Mind: The Latin American Case , 1985 .

[39]  Z. Ács,et al.  Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research: An Interdisciplinary Survey and Introduction (International Handbook Series on Entrepreneurship) , 2003 .

[40]  Michael Porter,et al.  The Economic Performance of Regions , 2003 .

[41]  Michael Fritsch,et al.  Growth Regimes over Time and Space , 2002 .

[42]  D. Storey Understanding the small business sector , 1994 .

[43]  R. Levine,et al.  A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions , 1991 .

[44]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  Entrepreneurship in a Modern Network Economy , 2003 .

[45]  Hans Westlund,et al.  Local Social Capital and Entrepreneurship , 2003 .

[46]  Bengt-Åke Lundvall,et al.  National Systems of Innovation: towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning London: Pint , 1995 .

[47]  Y. Georgellis,et al.  What Makes a Region Entrepreneurial ? Evidence from Britain , 1999 .

[48]  A. Chandler,et al.  Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 , 1994 .

[49]  D. L. Sexton,et al.  The Entrepreneur: A Capable Executive and More , 1985 .

[50]  Robert E. Lucas,et al.  On the Size Distribution of Business Firms , 1978 .

[51]  K. Morgan The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal , 1997 .

[52]  Stephen F. Knack,et al.  Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation , 1997 .

[53]  Richard Florida,et al.  Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation , 2004 .

[54]  Rinaldo Evangelista,et al.  Looking for Regional Systems of Innovation: Evidence from the Italian Innovation Survey , 2002 .

[55]  R. Inglehart,et al.  Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values , 2000, American Sociological Review.

[56]  Roy Thurik,et al.  Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth , 1999 .

[57]  Per Davidsson,et al.  Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship , 1995 .

[58]  H. Leibenstein A Branch of Economics is Missing Micro-Micro Theory , 1979 .

[59]  David B. Audretsch,et al.  Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research , 2005 .

[60]  Martin T. Robson,et al.  Explaining International Variations in Self-Employment: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries , 2004 .

[61]  F. Knight The economic nature of the firm: From Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit , 2009 .

[62]  Ian C. MacMillan,et al.  Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs , 1992 .

[63]  D. Maillat Territorial Dynamic, Innovative Milieus and Regional Policy , 1995 .

[64]  A. Markusen Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts* , 1996 .

[65]  Mark P. Taylor,et al.  Entrepreneurial Women and Men: Two Different Species? , 2001 .

[66]  A. Rodríguez‐Pose,et al.  Innovation Prone and Innovation Averse Societies: Economic Performance in Europe , 1999 .

[67]  J. Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities , 1962 .

[68]  J. A. Timmons,et al.  Characteristics and Role Demands of Entrepreneurship 1 , 1978 .

[69]  D. Quah Regional Convergence Clusters across Europe Regional Convergence Clusters across Europe , 1996 .

[70]  Roberto Camagni,et al.  Innovation Networks , 1991 .

[71]  Jeff Allen,et al.  Fostering Corporate Entrepreneurship: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Importance of Individualism Versus Collectivism , 1994 .

[72]  M. Porter,et al.  The Economic Performance of Regions 551 , 2003 .

[73]  J. A. Schmitz,et al.  Imitation, Entrepreneurship, and Long-Run Growth , 1989, Journal of Political Economy.

[74]  P. Maurseth Convergence, geography and technology , 2001 .

[75]  Israel M. Kirzner Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach , 1997 .

[76]  Roy Thurik,et al.  The Effect of Entrepreneurial Activity on National Economic Growth , 2005 .

[77]  N. Leff,et al.  Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Problem Revisited , 1979 .

[78]  J. Fagerberg,et al.  Heading for Divergence? Regional Growth in Europe Reconsidered* , 1996 .

[79]  Takeshi Amemiya,et al.  Qualitative Response Models , 1975 .

[80]  James W. Carland,et al.  A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers , 1999 .

[81]  L. Suarez-Villa The Evolution of Regional Economies: Entrepreneurship and Macroeconomic Change , 1989 .

[82]  Gert-Jan Hospers,et al.  Regional Cluster Policies: Learning by Comparing? , 2002 .

[83]  R. Brockhaus The Psychology of the Entrepreneur , 1982 .

[84]  Z. Griliches Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: a Survey , 1990 .

[85]  K. Thomas Creating Regional Cultures of Innovation? The Regional Innovation Strategies in England and Scotland , 2000 .

[86]  David S. Evans,et al.  Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship , 1989 .

[87]  Friedrich A. von Hayek,et al.  Individualism and Economic Order , 1949 .

[88]  David B. Audretsch,et al.  The Role of Small Firms in U.S. Biotechnology Clusters , 2001 .

[89]  Z. Ács,et al.  Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change , 2001 .

[90]  J. R. Moore,et al.  The theory of the growth of the firm twenty-five years after , 1960 .

[91]  Mark S. Granovetter Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness , 1985, American Journal of Sociology.

[92]  E. Chell,et al.  The entrepreneurial personality : concepts, cases, and categories , 1991 .

[93]  E. Malecki Entrepreneurship in Regional and Local Development , 1993 .

[94]  C. Edquist Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations , 1997 .

[95]  Jean Loup Schere,et al.  TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AS A DISCRIMINATING VARIABLE BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURS AND MANAGERS , 1982 .

[96]  Stephen L. Mueller,et al.  Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness , 2001 .

[97]  Spatial Distribution of Patents in Spain: Determining Factors and Consequences on Regional Development , 1997 .

[98]  Max Keilbach,et al.  Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance , 2003 .

[99]  R. Florida The Rise of the Creative Class : And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life , 2003 .

[100]  Stephen L. Mueller,et al.  A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture , 2000 .

[101]  A. Amin,et al.  Creating an enterprise culture in the North East? The impact of urban and regional policies of the 1980s , 1991 .

[102]  J. Rotter Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. , 1966, Psychological monographs.

[103]  R. Summers,et al.  The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1987 , 1991 .

[104]  Israel M. Kirzner Competition and Entrepreneurship , 1973 .

[105]  Sankaran Venkataraman,et al.  Regional transformation through technological entrepreneurship , 2004 .

[106]  A. Bandura,et al.  Social Cognitive Theory of Organizational Management , 1989 .

[107]  H. Yeung Business Networks and Transnational Corporations: A Study of Hong Kong Firms in the ASEAN Region , 1997 .

[108]  William J. Baumol,et al.  Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory , 1968 .

[109]  R. Lynn The secret of the miracle economy: Different national attitudes to competitiveness and money , 1991 .

[110]  Danny Quah,et al.  Regional convergence clusters across Europe , 1996 .

[111]  Pat Devine,et al.  A Reconsideration of the Theory of Entrepreneurship: A participatory approach , 2002 .

[112]  S. Shane A General Theory of Entrepreneurship , 2003 .

[113]  David H. Kaplan The Creation of an Ethnic Economy: Indochinese Business Expansion in Saint Paul , 1997 .

[114]  S. Beugelsdijk,et al.  Entrepreneurial Culture as a Determinant of Nascent Entrepreneurship , 2005 .

[115]  A. Scott,et al.  Regions, Globalization, Development , 2003 .

[116]  R. Florida Toward the Learning Region , 1995 .

[117]  F. Hayek Individualism and Economic Order , 1949 .

[118]  Sherwin Rosen,et al.  Austrian and Neoclassical Economics: Any Gains from Trade? , 1997 .

[119]  H. Stevenson,et al.  A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management * , 1990 .

[120]  Niels Noorderhaven,et al.  Uncertainty avoidance and the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries, 1976–2004 , 2006 .

[121]  G. Hofstede Culture′s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations , 2001 .

[122]  H. Howard,et al.  Special Issue: Corporate Entrepreneurship || A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management , 1990 .

[123]  F. Moulaert,et al.  Territorial Innovation Models: A Critical Survey , 2003 .

[124]  Philip Cooke,et al.  "The Golden Thread of Innovation' and Northern Ireland's Evolving Regional Innovation System , 2003 .

[125]  R. Brenner National policy and entrepreneurship: The statesman's dilemma , 1987 .

[126]  Gregory G. Dess,et al.  Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It To Performance , 1996 .

[127]  Scott Shane,et al.  Cultural influences on national rates of innovation , 1993 .

[128]  M. Storper The Resurgence of Regional Economies, Ten Years Later , 1995 .

[129]  Raffaele Paci,et al.  Technological Enclaves and Industrial Districts: An Analysis of the Regional Distribution of Innovative Activity in Europe , 1997 .

[130]  L. Bottazzi,et al.  Innovation and Spillovers in Regions: Evidence from European Patent Data , 2002 .

[131]  Cheng Hsiao,et al.  Analysis of Panel Data , 1987 .

[132]  David B. Audretsch,et al.  Entrepreneurship and regional growth: an evolutionary interpretation , 2004 .

[133]  Boyan Jovanovic,et al.  Firm formation with heterogeneous management and labor skills , 1994 .

[134]  Paul A. Gompers,et al.  Institutions, Capital Constraints and Entrepreneurial Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Europe , 2003 .

[135]  A. Stel,et al.  Self-employment across 15 European countries: the role of dissatisfaction , 2003 .

[136]  K. Vesper,et al.  Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship , 1982 .

[137]  Roy Thurik,et al.  Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations , 2006 .

[138]  Michael Fritsch,et al.  Effects of New Business Formation on Regional Development over Time , 2004 .