Flow injection analysis as a tool for enhancing oceanographic nutrient measurements--a review.

Macronutrient elements (C, N and P) and micronutrient elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn and Mn) are widely measured in their various physico-chemical forms in open ocean, shelf sea, coastal and estuarine waters. These measurements help to elucidate the biogeochemical cycling of these elements in marine waters and highlight the ecological and socio-economic importance of the oceans. Due to the dynamic nature of marine waters in terms of chemical, biological and physical processes, it is advantageous to make these measurements in situ and in this regard flow injection analysis (FIA) provides a suitable shipboard platform. This review, therefore, discusses the role of FIA in the determination of macro- and micro-nutrient elements, with an emphasis on manifold design and detection strategies for the reliable shipboard determination of specific nutrient species. The application of various FIA manifolds to oceanographic nutrient determinations is discussed, with an emphasis on sensitivity, selectivity, high throughput analysis and suitability for underway analysis and depth profiles. Strategies for enhancing sensitivity and minimizing matrix effects, e.g. refractive index (schlieren) effects and the important role of uncertainty budgets in underpinning method validation and data quality are discussed in some detail.

[1]  P. Teasdale,et al.  Evaluation of the in situ, time-integrated DGT technique by monitoring changes in heavy metal concentrations in estuarine waters. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[2]  Paul J Worsfold,et al.  A compact flow injection analysis system for surface mapping of phosphate in marine waters. , 2002, Talanta.

[3]  R. Sandford,et al.  Determination of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwaters by sequential injection spectrophotometry with on-line UV photo-oxidation , 2005 .

[4]  H. Mckenzie.  The kjeldahl determination of nitrogen: Retrospect and prospect , 1994 .

[5]  K. Johnson,et al.  Rapid determination of manganese in sea water by flow-injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection , 1991 .

[6]  Ildikó V. Tóth,et al.  Development of a flow method for the determination of phosphate in estuarine and freshwaters--comparison of flow cells in spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[7]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of cobalt and iron in estuarine and coastal waters using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection , 2000 .

[8]  P. Tréguer,et al.  In situ determination of silicic acid in sea water based on FIA and colorimetric dual-wavelength measurements , 1998 .

[9]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Spectrophotometric determination of dissolved organic phosphorus in natural waters using in-line photo-oxidation and flow injection , 1989 .

[10]  Carole M. Sakamoto,et al.  Determination of copper complexation in seawater using flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection , 1998 .

[11]  Roger Kerouel,et al.  Fluorometric determination of ammonia in sea and estuarine waters by direct segmented flow analysis , 1997 .

[12]  Shoji Motomizu,et al.  Spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in river waters with molybdate and malachite green , 1983 .

[13]  M. Saito,et al.  Vitamin B12 and iron colimitation of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea , 2007 .

[14]  A. Allen,et al.  Copper‐dependent iron transport in coastal and oceanic diatoms , 2006 .

[15]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of nanomolar concentrations of phosphate in natural waters using flow injection with a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell and solid-state spectrophotometric detection. , 2007, Talanta.

[16]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of subnanomolar levels of iron(II) and total dissolved iron in seawater by flow injection and analysis with chemiluminescence detection , 1991 .

[17]  Víctor Cerdà,et al.  Total nitrogen determination by flow injection using on-line microwave-assisted digestion , 1997 .

[18]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Multi-reflection photometric flow cell for use in flow injection analysis of estuarine waters , 2003 .

[19]  W. Maher,et al.  Determination of phosphorus in turbid waters using alkaline potassium peroxodisulphate digestion , 1995 .

[20]  P. Sedwick,et al.  Determination of total dissolved cobalt in UV‐irradiated seawater using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection , 2010 .

[21]  S. Jain,et al.  Earth as a Planet , 2014 .

[22]  A. W. Morris,et al.  A submersible flow injection-based sensor for the determination of total oxidised nitrogen in coastal waters , 1998 .

[23]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of phosphate in seawater by flow injection analysis with injection of reagent , 1982 .

[24]  W. Landing,et al.  Vinyl polymer agglomerate based transition metal cation chelating ion-exchange resin containing the 8-hydroxyquinoline functional group , 1986 .

[25]  Véronique Garçon,et al.  An autonomous nutrient analyzer for oceanic long-term in situ biogeochemical monitoring. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[26]  T. Lane,et al.  Regulation of carbonic anhydrase expression by zinc, cobalt, and carbon dioxide in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. , 2000, Plant physiology.

[27]  X. Su,et al.  Gas diffusion flow injection analysis with bulk acoustic wave detection and the applications for determining nitrogen, carbon, or sulfite species in varieties of complex matrixes , 1999 .

[28]  W. Salomons,et al.  African Basins: LOICZ Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment-Coastal Sea Interactions and Human Dimensions. , 2002 .

[29]  Michael R. Grace,et al.  Flow analysis methods for the direct ultra-violet spectrophotometric measurement of nitrate and total nitrogen in freshwaters. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[30]  A. O. Rangel,et al.  Sequential injection methodology for carbon speciation in bathing waters. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[31]  T. Parsons,et al.  A practical handbook of seawater analysis , 1968 .

[32]  R. Michel,et al.  Determination of ultra-trace amounts of cobalt in ocean water by laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry in a graphite electrothermal atomizer with semi on-line flow injection preconcentration , 1994 .

[33]  D. Yuan,et al.  Flow injection analysis of ultratrace orthophosphate in seawater with solid-phase enrichment and luminol chemiluminescence detection. , 2006, Analytica chimica acta.

[34]  L. Codispoti,et al.  Sampling and Sample-handling Protocols for GEOTRACES Cruises , 2017 .

[35]  K. Fanning,et al.  A sensor package for the simultaneous determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia in seawater by fluorescence detection , 2000 .

[36]  P. Sarradin,et al.  Fe analysis by the ferrozine method: Adaptation to FIA towards in situ analysis in hydrothermal environment. , 2005, Talanta.

[37]  Michael H. Ramsey,et al.  Sampling as a source of measurement uncertainty: techniques for quantification and comparison with analytical sources , 1998 .

[38]  T. Fang.  Partitioning and behaviour of different forms of phosphorus in the Tanshui Estuary and one of its tributaries, Northern Taiwan , 2000 .

[39]  Leo M.L. Nollet,et al.  Handbook of Water Analysis , 2013 .

[40]  Jian Ma,et al.  Flow injection analysis of nanomolar silicate using long pathlength absorbance spectroscopy. , 2012, Talanta.

[41]  A. Shiller.  Dissolved trace elements in the Mississippi River: Seasonal, interannual, and decadal variability , 1997 .

[42]  Michael J. Mottl,et al.  Determination of manganese in seawater using flow injection analysis with on-line preconcentration and spectrophotometric detection , 1992 .

[43]  M. Ellwood,et al.  Zinc speciation in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean , 2000 .

[44]  S. Taylor,et al.  Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table: Geochimica e t Cosmochimica Ac , 1964 .

[45]  S. Fitzwater,et al.  Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic , 1988, Nature.

[46]  L. K. Shpigun,et al.  Application of flow injection spectrophotometry to the determination of dissolved iron in sea-water , 1995 .

[47]  Wolfgang Frenzel,et al.  Re-Examination of the Cadmium Reduction Method and Optimisation of Conditions for the Determination of Nitrate by Flow Injection Analysis , 2004 .

[48]  A. Dickson.  An exact definition of total alkalinity and a procedure for the estimation of alkalinity and total inorganic carbon from titration data , 1981 .

[49]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Shipboard analytical intercomparison of dissolved iron in surface waters along a north–south transect of the Atlantic Ocean , 2003 .

[50]  J. Nóbrega.  Overcoming the schlieren effect in flow injection spectrophotometry by introduction of large sample volumes: determination of chloride in the electrolyte of lead-acid batteries , 1997 .

[51]  V. N. Jonge,et al.  Causes, historical development, effects and future challenges of a common environmental problem: eutrophication , 2002, Hydrobiologia.

[52]  R. O'Neill,et al.  The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital , 1997, Nature.

[53]  F. Morel,et al.  Zinc and carbon co-limitation of marine phytoplankton , 1994, Nature.

[54]  H. Obata,et al.  Automated determination of iron in seawater by chelating resin concentration and chemiluminescence detection , 1993 .

[55]  G. Nürnberg.  Iron and hydrogen sulfide interference in the analysis of soluble reactive phosphorus in anoxic waters , 1984 .

[56]  H. Obata,et al.  Shipboard analysis of picomolar levels of manganese in seawater by chelating resin concentration and chemiluminescence detection , 2004, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[57]  G. Ciceri,et al.  A flow injection analyser conductometric coupled system for the field analysis of free dissolved CO2 and total dissolved inorganic carbon in natural waters , 2012, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[58]  Sjsu ScholarWorks,et al.  The shipboard determination of zinc in seawater using flow injection analysis with fluorometric detection , 1994 .

[59]  W. Landing,et al.  Fluorometric detection of total dissolved zinc in the southern Indian Ocean , 2012 .

[60]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of dissolved organic carbon in seawater using high temperature catalytic oxidation techniques , 2000 .

[61]  B. C. Madsen.  Utilization of flow injection with hydrazine reduction and photometric detection for the determination of nitrate in rain-water , 1981 .

[62]  Paul J. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon species in waters , 1994 .

[63]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of sub-nanomolar levels of iron in seawater using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection , 1998 .

[64]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Design of an Automated Flow Injection-Chemiluminescence Instrument Incorporating a Miniature Photomultiplier Tube for Monitoring Picomolar Concentrations of Iron in Seawater , 2005, Journal of automated methods & management in chemistry.

[65]  Paul J. Worsfold,et al.  Analytical perspective. Techniques for the quantification and speciation of phosphorus in natural waters , 1995 .

[66]  D. F. Boltz,et al.  Spectrophotometric Study of Modified Heteropoly Blue Method for Phosphorus , 1956 .

[67]  R. Guillard,et al.  Growth limitation of a coastal diatom by low zinc ion activity , 1978, Nature.

[68]  K. Bruland.  Complexation of zinc by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific , 1989 .

[69]  Michael R Grace,et al.  A compact portable flow analysis system for the rapid determination of total phosphorus in estuarine and marine waters. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[70]  V. Kuban,et al.  Comparison of photometry and conductometry for the determination of total carbonate by gas permeation flow injection analysis. , 1993, Talanta.

[71]  K. Oguma,et al.  On-line preconcentration and determination of traces of lead in river-water and seawater by flow injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry and ICP-mass spectrometry. , 2002, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[72]  K. Nittis,et al.  BUILDING THE EUROPEAN CAPACITY IN OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY , 2003 .

[73]  I. McKelvie,et al.  On-line Removal of Sulfide Interference in Phosphate Determination by Flow Injection Analysis , 2006 .

[74]  Katta G. Murty,et al.  On KΔ , 1986, Discret. Appl. Math..

[75]  Friedhelm Schroeder,et al.  Using sequential injection analysis for fast determination of phosphate in coastal waters. , 2006, Talanta.

[76]  J. Kragten,et al.  Tutorial review. Calculating standard deviations and confidence intervals with a universally applicable spreadsheet technique , 1994 .

[77]  P. Sedwick,et al.  Controls on dissolved cobalt in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea: Comparisons with iron and aluminum , 2012 .

[78]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Analytical perspective. Solid phase techniques for the preconcentration of trace metals from natural waters , 1995 .

[79]  F. Chavez,et al.  Development of automated surface seawater nitrate mapping systems for use in open ocean and coastal waters , 1996 .

[80]  Paul J Worsfold,et al.  Miniature flow injection analyser for laboratory, shipboard and in situ monitoring of nitrate in estuarine and coastal waters. , 2002, Talanta.

[81]  Maxime M. Grand,et al.  Determination of dissolved zinc in seawater using micro-Sequential Injection lab-on-valve with fluorescence detection. , 2011, The Analyst.

[82]  V. Garçon,et al.  Reagentless and calibrationless silicate measurement in oceanic waters. , 2012, Talanta.

[83]  D. Wolf-Gladrow,et al.  CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes , 2001 .

[84]  Carole M. Sakamoto,et al.  Submersible, Osmotically Pumped Analyzer for Continuous Determination of Nitrate in situ , 1994 .

[85]  Jean-Luc de Kok,et al.  Towards integrated modelling and analysis in coastal zones: Principles and practices , 1998 .

[86]  L. D. Lacerda.  South American basins : LOICZ global change assessment and synthesis of river catchment-coastal sea interaction and human dimensions , 2002 .

[87]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Determination of total phosphorus in waters and wastewaters by on-line UV/thermal induced digestion and flow injection analysis , 1996 .

[88]  J. M. Bewers,et al.  An intercalibration for trace metals in seawater , 1981 .

[89]  K. Bruland,et al.  Manganese in the North Pacific , 1980 .

[90]  A. Murata,et al.  Current Status of Homogeneity and Stability of the Reference Materials for Nutrients in Seawater , 2012, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[91]  A. Shiller,et al.  Determination of Subnanomolar Levels of Hydrogen Peroxide in Seawater by Reagent-Injection Chemiluminescence Detection , 1999 .

[92]  P. Pratt,et al.  Simultaneous determination of nitrate and nitrite in biological samples by multichannel flow injection analysis. , 1995, Analytical biochemistry.

[93]  M. Munemori,et al.  Continuous flow determination of carbon dioxide in water by membrane separation-chemiluminescent detection , 1988 .

[94]  N. Carro,et al.  Field sample preconcentration of copper in sea water using chelating minicolumns subsequently incorporated on a flow-injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry system. , 2001, The Analyst.

[95]  A. Bowie,et al.  Sensitive determination of manganese using flow injection and chemiluminescent detection , 1995 .

[96]  Paul J. Worsfold,et al.  Analytical applications of liquid-phase chemiluminescence , 1992 .

[97]  I. V. Carranzo,et al.  APHA, AWWA, WEF. "Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater." , 2012 .

[98]  Spas D. Kolev,et al.  Advances in flow injection analysis and related techniques , 2008 .

[99]  Jean-Raymond Abrial,et al.  On B , 1998, B.

[101]  F. Morel,et al.  Inorganic carbon acquisition in coastal Pacific phytoplankton communities , 2000 .

[102]  E. Boyle,et al.  Dissolved iron in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean , 2006 .

[103]  Grady Hanrahan,et al.  Flow analysis techniques for spatial and temporal measurement of nutrients in aquatic systems , 2006 .

[104]  N. Adhoum,et al.  Gas diffusion-flow injection determination of total inorganic carbon in water using tungsten oxide electrode. , 2004, Talanta.

[105]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Characterisation and quantification of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen components in aquatic systems: a review. , 2008, Analytica Chimica Acta.

[106]  Robert Costanza,et al.  The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans , 1999 .

[107]  N. M. Price,et al.  Copper requirements for iron acquisition and growth of coastal and oceanic diatoms , 2005 .

[108]  Malgosia Fitzmaurice,et al.  The new Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area , 1993 .

[109]  R. Thunell,et al.  Phosphonates and particulate organic phosphorus cycling in an anoxic marine basin , 2004 .

[110]  J. Strickland.  A practical hand-book of seawater analysis , 1972 .

[111]  Kenneth S. Johnson,et al.  A submersible flow analysis system , 1986 .

[112]  Miss A.O. Penney.  (b) , 1974, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[113]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of nitrate and nitrite in seawater by flow injection analysis1 , 1983 .

[114]  B. Halliwell.  Chemiluminescence. Principles and applications in biology and medicine , 1989 .

[115]  P. Statham,et al.  Total dissolved zinc in the upper water column of the subarctic North East Pacific , 2002 .

[116]  Matthew C. Mowlem,et al.  Lab-on-chip measurement of nitrate and nitrite for in situ analysis of natural waters. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[117]  L. Clementson,et al.  Flow-injection analysis with fluorescence detection for the determination of trace levels of ammonium in seawater. , 2005, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[118]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) in natural waters by the use of rapid sequenced reagent injection flow analysis. , 2005, Talanta.

[119]  J. Moffett,et al.  Distribution and potential sources and sinks of copper chelators in the Sargasso Sea , 1990 .

[120]  P. Dorval,et al.  CHEMINI: A new in situ CHEmical MINIaturized analyzer , 2009 .

[121]  Malcolm Nimmo,et al.  THE TOXICITY OF COPPER(II) SPECIES TO MARINE ALGAE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MACROALGAE , 1997 .

[122]  S. Chisholm,et al.  Cobalt limitation and uptake in Prochlorococcus , 2002 .

[123]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Validation of a portable flow injection–chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method for the determination of dissolved iron in Atlantic open ocean and shelf waters by comparison with isotope dilution–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICPMS) , 2010 .

[124]  George A. Jackson,et al.  The evolution and termination of an iron‐induced mesoscale bloom in the northeast subarctic Pacific , 2005 .

[125]  P. Worsfold,et al.  A critical examination of the components of the Schlieren effect in flow analysis. , 2006, Talanta.

[126]  M. Saito,et al.  Dissolved zinc in the subarctic North Pacific and Bering Sea: Its distribution, speciation, and importance to primary producers , 2012 .

[127]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Underway determination of dissolved inorganic carbon in estuarine waters by gas-diffusion flow analysis with C4D detection , 2012 .

[128]  R. Guillard,et al.  Limitation of marine phytoplankton reproductive rates by zinc, manganese, and iron1 , 1983 .

[129]  J. Resing,et al.  Catalytically enhanced spectrophotometric determination of manganese in seawater by flow‐injection analysis with a commercially available resin for on‐line preconcentration , 2006 .

[130]  S. Mishra,et al.  Capillary scale light emitting diode based multi-reflection absorbance detector. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[131]  A. Aminot,et al.  An automated photo-oxidation method for the determination of dissolved organic phosphorus in marine and fresh water , 2001 .

[132]  V. Cerdà,et al.  Sequential injection analysis of nitrites and nitrates , 1995 .

[133]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[134]  V. M. Ivanov,et al.  The 125th Anniversary of the Griess Reagent , 2004 .

[135]  P. Tréguer,et al.  A submersible flow-injection analyser for the in-situ determination of nitrite and nitrate in coastal waters , 1995 .

[136]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Integrated luminometer for the determination of trace metals in seawater using fluorescence, phosphorescence and chemiluminescence detection , 2002, Journal of automated methods & management in chemistry.

[137]  A. O. Rangel,et al.  A sequential injection system for the spectrophotometric determination of calcium, magnesium and alkalinity in water samples. , 2004, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

[138]  L. K. Shpigun,et al.  Shipboard flow injection method for the determination of manganese in sea-water using in-valve preconcentration and catalytic spectrophotometric detection , 1991 .

[139]  P. Laan,et al.  Dissolved manganese in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean , 2011 .

[140]  K. Johnson,et al.  A rapid, highly sensitive technique for the determination of ammonia in seawater , 1986 .

[141]  Ali Mohammad Haji Shabani,et al.  Field measurement of nitrate in marine and estuarine waters with a flow analysis system utilizing on-line zinc reduction. , 2011, Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry.

[142]  J. Gasol,et al.  A simple method for the detection and the "a posteriori" correction of the interference of sulfide on phosphorus measurements , 1997 .

[143]  S. Bricker,et al.  An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status , 2003 .

[144]  Higinio Mora-Mora,et al.  μ-MAR: Multiplane 3D Marker based Registration for depth-sensing cameras , 2015, Expert Syst. Appl..

[145]  S. Doney,et al.  Iron cycling and nutrient-limitation patterns in surface waters of the World Ocean , 2001 .

[146]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of picomolar levels of cobalt in seawater by flow injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection , 1987 .

[147]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of copper in sea water using a flow-injection method with chemiluminescence detection , 1992 .

[148]  K. Nittis,et al.  Building the European capacity in operational oceanography. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on EuroGOOS, 3-6 December 2002, Athens, Greece , 2003 .

[149]  W. Sunda,et al.  Cobalt and zinc interreplacement in marine phytoplankton: Biological and geochemical implications , 1995 .

[150]  J. M. Calatayud,et al.  Flow-injection biamperometric determination of nitrate (by photoreduction) and nitrite with the NO−2/I− reaction , 1998 .

[151]  M. Segundo,et al.  Multi-syringe flow injection system with in-line microwave digestion for the determination of phosphorus. , 2004, Talanta.

[152]  Kenneth S. Johnson,et al.  Marine Chemistry Discussion Paper What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean , 1997 .

[153]  R. T. Powell,et al.  Iron distributions in surface waters of the south Atlantic , 1995 .

[154]  K. Bruland,et al.  Direct determination of iron in acidified (pH 1.7) seawater samples by flow injection analysis with catalytic spectrophotometric detection: Application and intercomparison , 2006 .

[155]  R. T. Powell,et al.  Analytical intercomparison results from the 1990 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission open-ocean baseline survey for trace metals: Atlantic Ocean , 1995 .

[156]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of hydrogen peroxide in sea water by flow-injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection , 1994 .

[157]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Sensitive flow-injection technique for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in natural and waste waters , 1992 .

[158]  Stephen L. R. Ellison.  Using validation data for ISO measurement uncertainty estimationPart 1. Principles of an approach using cause and effect analysis , 1998 .

[159]  Elias A.G. Zagatto,et al.  Flow analysis with spectrophotometric and luminometric detection , 2012 .

[160]  K. Bruland,et al.  Direct determination of dissolved cobalt and nickel in seawater by differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry preceded by adsorptive collection of cyclohexane-1,2-dione dioxime complexes , 1988 .

[161]  K. Bruland,et al.  An investigation into the exchange of iron and zinc between soluble, colloidal, and particulate size-fractions in shelf waters using low-abundance isotopes as tracers in shipboard incubation experiments , 2007 .

[162]  Nicolas Gruber,et al.  The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2 , 2004, Science.

[163]  M. Zhang,et al.  Reverse flow injection analysis of nanomolar soluble reactive phosphorus in seawater with a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell and spectrophotometric detection. , 2009, Talanta.

[164]  P. Statham,et al.  Nutrients in estuaries--an overview and the potential impacts of climate change. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[165]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Rapid determination of dissolved organic phosphorus in soil leachates and runoff waters by flow injection analysis with on-line photo-oxidation. , 1997, Talanta.

[166]  G. Marshall,et al.  Optical fiber coupled light emitting diode based absorbance detector with a reflective flow cell. , 1999, Talanta.

[167]  Jia-Zhong Zhang,et al.  Liquid-waveguide spectrophotometric measurement of low silicate in natural waters. , 2009, Talanta.

[168]  Víctor Cerdà,et al.  Flow analysis techniques for phosphorus: an overview. , 2005, Talanta.

[169]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Development of a gas diffusion probe for the rapid measurement of pCO2 in aquatic samples. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[170]  Sarah M. Gray,et al.  Underway determination of alkalinity in estuarine waters by reagent-injection gas-diffusion flow analysis , 2008 .

[171]  P. Laan,et al.  Dissolved iron in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector) , 2011 .

[172]  E. Ingall,et al.  Concentrations of lipid phosphorus and its abundance in dissolved and particulate organic phosphorus in coastal seawater , 2001 .

[173]  R. Sandford,et al.  UV digestion of seawater samples prior to the determination of copper using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection , 2001 .

[174]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Evaluation of on-line preconcentration and flow-injection amperometry for phosphate determination in fresh and marine waters. , 2005, Talanta.

[175]  Leonard Steinborn,et al.  International Organization for Standardization ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories , 2004 .

[176]  M. Saito,et al.  Basin‐scale inputs of cobalt, iron, and manganese from the Benguela‐Angola front to the South Atlantic Ocean , 2012 .

[177]  H. Kayanne,et al.  A rapid, precise potentiometric determination of total alkalinity in seawater by a newly developed flow-through analyzer designed for coastal regions , 2004 .

[178]  T. Nieman,et al.  Effect of iron(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), and manganese(II) on the chemiluminescence of luminol in the absence of hydrogen peroxide , 1983 .

[179]  F. Nydahl.  On the reduction of oxygen in aqueous solution by electrolytically precipitated cadmium. , 1974, Talanta.

[180]  G. R. Harvey,et al.  Photoreduction of manganese oxides in seawater and its geochemical and biological implications , 1983, Nature.

[181]  D. Yuan,et al.  Flow injection analysis of nanomolar level orthophosphate in seawater with solid phase enrichment and colorimetric detection , 2007 .

[182]  M. Arruda,et al.  Compensation of the Schlieren effect in flow-injection analysis by using dual-wavelength spectrophotometry , 1990 .

[183]  M. Saito,et al.  Cobalt and nickel in the Peru upwelling region: A major flux of labile cobalt utilized as a micronutrient , 2004 .

[184]  R. de Marco,et al.  Coulometric sodium chloride removal system with Nafion membrane for seawater sample treatment. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[185]  W. Sunda,et al.  Feedback interactions between zinc and phytoplankton in seawater , 1992 .

[186]  C. Pasquini,et al.  Flow-injection determination of ammonia in kjeldahl digests by gas diffusion and conductometry , 1987 .

[187]  P. Worsfold,et al.  A submersible battery-powered flow injection (FI) sensor for the determination of nitrate in estuarine and coastal waters , 1999, Journal of automated methods & management in chemistry.

[188]  J. Resing,et al.  Determination of iron in seawater by flow injection analysis using in-line preconcentration and spectrophotometric detection , 1995 .

[189]  N. M. Price,et al.  A role for manganese in superoxide dismutases and growth of iron‐deficient diatoms , 2004 .

[190]  K. Johnson,et al.  Determination of reactive silicate in seawater by flow injection analysis , 1983 .

[191]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Analysis of total dissolved nitrogen in natural waters by on-line photooxidation and flow injection , 1994 .

[192]  F. Morel,et al.  Zinc availability and alkaline phosphatase activity in Emiliania huxleyi: Implications for Zn‐P co‐limitation in the ocean , 2006 .

[193]  R. Schothorst,et al.  Determination of total ammoniacal introgen in water by flow injection analysis and a gas diffusion membrane , 1983 .

[194]  Dennis A. Hansell,et al.  Underway monitoring of nanomolar nitrate plus nitrite and phosphate in oligotrophic seawater , 2008, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.

[195]  K. Barbeau,et al.  Organic and redox speciation of iron in the eastern tropical North Pacific suboxic zone , 2007 .

[196]  H. Karatani,et al.  Automated determination of manganese in seawater by electrolytic concentration and chemiluminescence detection , 1989 .

[197]  I. McKelvie,et al.  Rapid underway profiling of water quality in Queensland estuaries. , 2005, Marine pollution bulletin.

[198]  W. Gormley.  Convention for the protection of the mediterranean sea against pollution , 1976 .

[199]  P. Worsfold,et al.  A community-wide intercomparison exercise for the determination of dissolved iron in seawater , 2006 .

[200]  P. M. Williams,et al.  Photo-oxidation of Organic Matter in Sea Water by Ultra-violet Radiation, Analytical and Other Applications , 1966, Nature.

[201]  T. Aoki,et al.  Continuous-flow method for the determination of total inorganic carbonate in water , 1993 .

[202]  Dominique Birot,et al.  A new chemical analyzer for in situ measurement of nitrate and total sulfide over hydrothermal vent biological communities , 2000 .

[203]  M. Saito,et al.  Zinc‐cobalt colimitation of Phaeocystis antarctica , 2008 .

[204]  Paul J Worsfold,et al.  Seawater induced release and transformation of organic and inorganic phosphorus from river sediments. , 2004, Water research.

[205]  Paul J. Worsfold,et al.  Environmental applications of liquid-waveguide-capillary cells coupled with spectroscopic detection , 2007 .

[206]  Scott C. Doney,et al.  Iron availability limits the ocean nitrogen inventory stabilizing feedbacks between marine denitrification and nitrogen fixation , 2007 .

[207]  Sarah M. Gray,et al.  Spectrophotometric Determination of Ammonia in Estuarine Waters by Hybrid Reagent‐Injection Gas‐Diffusion Flow Analysis , 2006 .

[208]  Per O.J. Hall,et al.  Rapid, small-volume, flow injection analysis for SCO2, and NH4+ in marine and freshwaters , 1992 .

[209]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Elimination of the Schlieren effect in the determination of reactive phosphorus in estuarine waters by flow injection analysis , 1997 .

[210]  Hiroshi Ogawa,et al.  Inter-laboratory Comparison Study of a Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater , 2008 .

[211]  Shoji Motomizu,et al.  Gas-diffusion unit with tubular microporous poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membrane for flow-injection determination of carbon dioxide , 1987 .

[212]  P. Dasgupta,et al.  Dual-wavelength photometry with light emitting diodes. Compensation of refractive index and turbidity effects in flow-injection analysis , 1994 .

[213]  P. Worsfold,et al.  Determination of Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus in Estuarine Waters Using a Reversed Flow Injection Manifold , 1997 .

[214]  Raphael Kudela,et al.  A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean , 1996, Nature.

[215]  K. Bruland,et al.  Copper complexation in the Northeast Pacific , 1988 .

[216]  P. A. Kammerer,et al.  Low-level Kjeldahl nitrogen determination on the technicon autoanalyzer. , 1967, Environmental science & technology.

[217]  W. Schreurs.  An automated colorimetric method for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in sea water by U.V. destruction , 1978, Hydrobiological Bulletin.

[218]  P. Sedwick,et al.  Real-time monitoring of picomolar concentrations of iron(II) in marine waters using automated flow injection-chemiluminescence instrumentation. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.