Ultrastructure of quick‐frozen and freeze‐substituted chick osteoclasts

For comparison with chemically fixed osteoclasts, we prepared chick osteoclasts by quick freezing followed by freeze‐substitution. In spite of technical difficulties this demonstrated that osteoclasts can be satisfactorily frozen in situ by the metal contact method. Ultrastructural differences were revealed between conventional fixation and quick freezing. Compared with conventional fixation, the quick freezing method appeared to improve preservation: (1) a discrete trilaminar plasma membrane and other intracellular membranes showed a smooth profile without undulation or rupture; (2) cytoskeletal components appeared to be clearer, straighter, and more numerous; (3) the interior of the ruffled finger contained interconnected lattice structures whereas highly organised microfilaments were seen in the clear zone; (4) well developed tubulovesicular structures (TVSs) that branched or anastomosed with each other were revealed in the cytoplasm; (5) the contents of intracellular membrane systems including the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex were stained to a various extent; (6) vesicles and vacuoles were much smaller, round and well‐defined with electron‐dense contents; (7) crystalline structures were seen at the extracellular channels of the ruffled border, in the lumen of TVSs, and in vesicles; (8) in some instances mitochondrial granules were visible; (9) within the resorptive lacuna, osteoclasts adhered to the degraded bone matrix without any intervening empty space.