Circadian rhythms and drug delivery

Abstract Circadian rhythms in the functions of the body are well established, e.g. in cardiovascular (blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow, etc.), pulmonary, hepatic and renal functions. Also the symptoms and onset of disease are not randomly distributed within the 24 hours of a day (e.g. coronary infarction, angina pectoris and asthmatic attacks). It is, therefore, not surprising that also the effects and/or pharmacokinetics of drugs can display significant daily variations. Recent data on the chronopharmaco-dynamics and chronopharmacokinetics of H2-blockers, anti-asthmatics (theophylline, terbutaline), cardiovascular active drugs (propranolol, organic nitrates, nifedipine) are described as representative examples. These data demonstrate that biological rhythms have to be taken into account when evaluating drug delivery systems, galenic formulations and pharmacokinetics as a basis for drug treatment.

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