Development of a photonic crystal fiber for THz wave guidance and environmental pollutants detection

Abstract In recent years, photonic crystal fiber (PCF) in the THz regime has gained popularity very swiftly for wave guidance and sensing applications. The optical properties of PCF can be controlled by the fine tuning of the geometrical parameters. In this context, PCF geometry has been developed for THz wave propagation as well as for environmental pollutants sensing applications. The proposed PCF structure contains a circular manner sectored cladding and square shaped core which is inserted by four square lattices. The finite element method based COMSOL multiphysics v.5.3a software has been used to design and characterize the optical properties rigorously for both applications. Numerical outcomes of developed PCF have significantly improved in both cases because of strategic geometry selection and parameters optimization. The simulated results render high sensitivity of 90 ± 1% for all the tested analytes at optimum condition, besides, ultra-low effective material loss (EML) of 0.009 cm−1 and flattened dispersion of ±0.05 ps/THz/cm are obtained at wave guiding environment. Moreover, implementation possibilities in the existing fabrication environment, physical attributes and comparative performance analysis are also stated in this article.

[1]  Alireza Hassani,et al.  Porous polymer fibers for low-loss Terahertz guiding. , 2008, Optics express.

[2]  R.T. Bise,et al.  Sol-gel derived microstructured fiber: fabrication and characterization , 2005, OFC/NFOEC Technical Digest. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2005..

[3]  Tatiana Globus,et al.  Terahertz sources and detectors and their application to biological sensing , 2004, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[4]  Mohammad Tausiful Islam,et al.  Design and analysis of a Zeonex based diamond-shaped core kagome lattice photonic crystal fiber for T-ray wave transmission , 2019, Optical Fiber Technology.

[5]  Kawsar Ahmed,et al.  Proposal of a gas sensor with high sensitivity, birefringence and nonlinearity for air pollution monitoring , 2016 .

[6]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Terahertz Sensing in a Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[7]  Md. Ahsan Habib,et al.  Heptagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Chemical Sensor in THz Regime , 2019, 2019 Joint 8th International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV) and 2019 3rd International Conference on Imaging, Vision & Pattern Recognition (icIVPR).

[8]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Sensing of toxic chemicals using polarized photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime , 2018, Optics Communications.

[9]  Saeed Olyaee,et al.  Ultra-flattened dispersion hexagonal photonic crystal fibre with low confinement loss and large effective area , 2012 .

[10]  Saiful Islam,et al.  Extremely low-loss, dispersion flattened porous-core photonic crystal fiber for terahertz regime , 2016 .

[11]  V. Wallace,et al.  Terahertz pulsed imaging of basal cell carcinoma ex vivo and in vivo , 2004, The British journal of dermatology.

[12]  Michael Nagel,et al.  Integrated THz technology for label-free genetic diagnostics , 2002 .

[13]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Zeonex-based asymmetrical terahertz photonic crystal fiber for multichannel communication and polarization maintaining applications. , 2018, Applied optics.

[14]  Derek Abbott,et al.  THz porous fibers: design, fabrication and experimental characterization. , 2009, Optics express.

[15]  Alexander Argyros,et al.  Microstructures in Polymer Fibres for Optical Fibres, THz Waveguides, and Fibre-Based Metamaterials , 2013 .

[16]  Jin Huang,et al.  Design of Highly Birefringent and Low-Loss Oligoporous-Core THz Photonic Crystal Fiber With Single Circular Air-Hole Unit , 2016, IEEE Photonics Journal.

[17]  Derek Abbott,et al.  T-Ray Sensing and Imaging , 2003, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[18]  S. M. Abdur Razzak,et al.  Dispersion flattened extremely high-birefringent kagome lattice elliptic core photonic crystal fiber in THz regime , 2019, Optical and Quantum Electronics.

[19]  Bikash Kumar Paul,et al.  Rhombic core photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications: Modeling and analysis , 2017 .

[20]  Mohammad Faisal,et al.  Porous core photonic crystal fibre for ultra-low material loss in THz regime , 2016, IET Commun..

[21]  J. Broeng,et al.  Highly birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers , 2001, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[22]  R. Kelishadi,et al.  Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children. , 2009, Atherosclerosis.

[23]  R. Kelishadi,et al.  Air pollution and non-respiratory health hazards for children , 2010, Archives of medical science : AMS.

[24]  David A. Crawley,et al.  Terahertz Pulse Imaging: A Pilot Study of Potential Applications in Dentistry , 2003, Caries Research.

[25]  Tanya M. Monro,et al.  3D-printed extrusion dies: a versatile approach to optical material processing , 2014 .

[26]  Amir Ghazanfari,et al.  A novel freeform extrusion fabrication process for producing solid ceramic components with uniform layered radiation drying , 2017 .

[27]  Derek Abbott,et al.  A modified hexagonal photonic crystal fiber for terahertz applications , 2018 .

[28]  Mohammad Tausiful Islam,et al.  Design and characterization of a circular sectored core cladding structured photonic crystal fiber with ultra-low EML and flattened dispersion in the THz regime , 2020 .

[29]  Derek Abbott,et al.  A novel Zeonex based oligoporous-core photonic crystal fiber for polarization preserving terahertz applications , 2018 .

[30]  David J. Webb,et al.  Optical fibre Bragg grating recorded in TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer , 2011 .

[31]  Abdullah Al-Mamun Bulbul,et al.  Chemical sensing through photonic crystal fiber: sulfuric acid detection , 2019, Frontiers of Optoelectronics.

[32]  Joseph S Melinger,et al.  7 GHz resolution waveguide THz spectroscopy of explosives related solids showing new features. , 2008, Optics express.

[33]  D. Grischkowsky,et al.  THz Sommerfeld wave propagation on a single metal wire , 2005 .

[34]  A Novel Hexahedron Photonic Crystal Fiber in Terahertz Propagation: Design and Analysis , 2019, Photonics.

[35]  P. Taday,et al.  Using terahertz pulsed spectroscopy to quantify pharmaceutical polymorphism and crystallinity. , 2005, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[36]  Ole Bang,et al.  Localized biosensing with Topas microstructured polymer optical fiber , 2007 .

[37]  Ole Bang,et al.  Selective Serial Multi-Antibody Biosensing with TOPAS Microstructured Polymer Optical Fibers , 2013, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[38]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Extremely low material loss and dispersion flattened TOPAS based circular porous fiber for long distance terahertz wave transmission , 2017 .

[39]  Yoshinori Namihira,et al.  Low Loss Single-Mode Porous-Core Kagome Photonic Crystal Fiber for THz Wave Guidance , 2015, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[40]  G. Bastiaans,et al.  Detection and identification of explosive RDX by THz diffuse reflection spectroscopy. , 2006, Optics express.

[41]  Oleg Mitrofanov,et al.  Silver/polystyrene-coated hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of terahertz radiation. , 2007, Optics letters.

[42]  Zhengyong Liu,et al.  Fabrication, Characterization, and Sensing Applications of a High-Birefringence Suspended-Core Fiber , 2014, Journal of Lightwave Technology.

[43]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Terahertz detection of alcohol using a photonic crystal fiber sensor. , 2018, Applied optics.

[44]  Izaddeen Kabir Yakasai,et al.  Low loss and highly birefringent photonic crystal fibre for terahertz applications , 2020 .

[45]  Bikash Kumar Paul,et al.  Refractive Index-Based Blood Components Sensing in Terahertz Spectrum , 2019, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[46]  Derek Abbott,et al.  A Novel Approach for Spectroscopic Chemical Identification Using Photonic Crystal Fiber in the Terahertz Regime , 2018, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[47]  G. Brambilla,et al.  Novel method for manufacturing optical fiber: extrusion and drawing of microstructured polymer optical fibers from a 3D printer. , 2018, Optics express.

[48]  Daniel M. Mittleman,et al.  Metal wires for terahertz wave guiding , 2004, Nature.

[49]  Shin-Tson Wu,et al.  Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber , 2004 .

[50]  Peter Uhd Jepsen,et al.  Bendable, low-loss Topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range. , 2009, Optics express.

[51]  Masayoshi Tonouchi,et al.  Cutting-edge terahertz technology , 2007 .

[52]  D. Webb,et al.  Humidity insensitive TOPAS polymer fiber Bragg grating sensor. , 2011, Optics express.

[53]  A. Lee,et al.  Real-time terahertz imaging over a standoff distance (>25meters) , 2006 .

[54]  M. Skorobogatiy,et al.  Low loss porous terahertz fibers containing multiple subwavelength holes , 2008 .

[55]  Abdullah Al-Mamun Bulbul,et al.  Bane chemicals detection through photonic crystal fiber in THz regime , 2020 .

[56]  Bikash Kumar Paul,et al.  Analysis of terahertz waveguide properties of Q-PCF based on FEM scheme , 2020 .

[57]  Christos Markos,et al.  High-Tg TOPAS microstructured polymer optical fiber for fiber Bragg grating strain sensing at 110 degrees. , 2013, Optics express.