Spacial and dynamic energy demand of the E39 highway – Implications on electrification options

The aims of this study were to investigate how the energy demand from transportation on a road varies over time and with location, and to identify the impacts from electrification of the road on the stationary electricity system, assuming different electrification options and drivetrains. European highway route 39 (E39) in western Norway is used as a case study. A vehicle model, together with an analysis of detailed traffic data was used to estimate the energy and power demands for transportation work on E39. This study shows that a road with the characteristics of E39 exhibits large variation in the spatial and time distributions of its energy and power demands. The yearly electricity demand for E39, assuming a full electrification of the current traffic flow is comparable to that of a larger industry, such that the peak power demand for the dimensioning hour of the regional electricity system could be increased by 1–2% if static or electric road systems is applied. However, if all the main roads in Norway were installed with electric road systems, the corresponding peak power increase is 7%. In comparison, if instead using an indirect strategy for electrification of transportation via for instance hydrogen or synthetic diesel, the annual electricity demand for E39 would increase even further, albeit with the possibility to distribute such demand both geographically area and in time compared to electric road systems or static charging.

[1]  Matteo C. Romano,et al.  Power-to-gas plants and gas turbines for improved wind energy dispatchability: Energy and economic assessment , 2015 .

[2]  Peter Wasserscheid,et al.  Techno-economic analysis for the synthesis of liquid and gaseous fuels based on hydrogen production via electrolysis , 2015 .

[3]  Manfred Baerns,et al.  Economic Assessment of the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Liquid Fuels and Petrochemical Feedstock , 2014 .

[4]  William D'haeseleer,et al.  The interaction of a high renewable energy/low carbon power system with the gas system through power to gas. , 2014 .

[5]  I. Hannula,et al.  Liquid transportation fuels via large-scale fluidised-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass , 2013 .

[6]  M. Abou Zeid,et al.  A statistical model of vehicle emissions and fuel consumption , 2002, Proceedings. The IEEE 5th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[7]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  On-road charging of electric vehicles , 2013, 2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC).

[8]  Jianzhong Wu,et al.  Role of power-to-gas in an integrated gas and electricity system in Great Britain , 2015 .

[9]  P. Ekdunge,et al.  THE FUEL CELL VEHICLE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE, EMISSIONS AND COST , 1998 .

[10]  Frank Sehnke,et al.  The future electric power system: Impact of Power-to-Gas by interacting with other renewable energy components , 2016 .

[11]  Detlef Stolten,et al.  Power to Gas: Technological Overview, Systems Analysis and Economic Assessment , 2015 .

[12]  Ulf Hammarström,et al.  Rolling resistance model, fuel consumption model and the traffic energy saving potential from changed road surface conditions , 2012 .

[13]  Maria Grahn,et al.  Electrofuels – a possibility for shipping in a low carbon future? , 2015 .

[14]  Sten Karlsson,et al.  GPS measurement of Swedish car movements for assessment of possible electrification , 2013, 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27).

[15]  Alon Kuperman,et al.  Analytic Modeling of Vehicle Fuel Consumption , 2013 .

[16]  Reinerus Benders,et al.  The application of power-to-gas, pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage in an electricity system at different wind power penetration levels , 2014 .

[17]  Vincent Mahieu,et al.  Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the european context , 2004 .

[18]  Ilkka Hannula,et al.  Co-production of synthetic fuels and district heat from biomass residues, carbon dioxide and electricity: Performance and cost analysis , 2015 .

[19]  Sten Karlsson,et al.  The potential for brake energy regeneration under Swedish conditions , 2016 .

[20]  Pia Grahn,et al.  Electric Vehicle Charging Impact on Load Profile , 2013 .

[21]  Marta Molinas,et al.  Analysis of a Scenario of Large Scale Adoption of Electrical Vehicles in Nord-trøndelag , 2012 .

[22]  Franklin Farell.  Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area: Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system , 2014 .

[23]  Jason Marcinkoski,et al.  Driving an Industry: Medium and Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Electric Truck Component Sizing , 2016 .

[24]  Tony Sandberg,et al.  Heavy Truck Modeling for Fuel Consumption Simulations and Measurements , 2001 .

[25]  Stanton W. Hadley,et al.  Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation , 2009 .

[26]  Blake Lundstrom,et al.  Technoeconomic Modeling of Battery Energy Storage in SAM , 2015 .

[27]  Giampaolo Manzolini,et al.  Energy analysis of electric vehicles using batteries or fuel cells through well-to-wheel driving cycle simulations , 2009 .

[28]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Vehicle Propulsion Systems , 2013 .

[29]  N. Hartmann,et al.  Impact of different utilization scenarios of electric vehicles on the German grid in 2030 , 2011 .

[30]  Kyung Bin Song,et al.  Impact of Electric Vehicle Penetration-Based Charging Demand on Load Profile , 2013 .

[31]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  Analysis of Power Balancing with Fuel Cells & Hydrogenproduction Plants in Denmark , 2009 .

[32]  M. Melaina,et al.  Production of Fischer–Tropsch liquid fuels from high temperature solid oxide co-electrolysis units , 2012 .

[33]  George Gross,et al.  A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation , 2009 .

[34]  Filip Johnsson,et al.  Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a regional wind-thermal power system , 2010 .

[35]  Nicole Kringos,et al.  Electrification of roads: Opportunities and challenges , 2015 .

[36]  M. Barth,et al.  Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Fuel Consumption Modeling Based on Road Load and Power Train Parameters , 2005 .

[37]  Pia Grahn.  Electric Vehicle Charging Modeling , 2014 .

[38]  Kevin G. Gallagher,et al.  Comparing the Powertrain Energy Densities of Electric and Gasoline Vehicles) , 2016 .

[39]  Thomas Bräunl,et al.  Modelling the impacts of electric vehicle recharging on the Western Australian electricity supply system , 2011 .

[40]  S. Jensen,et al.  Technology data for high temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells, alkali and PEM electrolysers , 2013 .

[41]  Claire Weiller,et al.  Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle impacts on hourly electricity demand in the United States , 2011 .

[42]  M. Ross.  Fuel efficiency and the physics of automobiles , 1997 .

[43]  Thomas Kempka,et al.  Analysis of an Integrated Carbon Cycle for Storage of Renewables , 2013 .