A computational framework for life-cycle management of wind turbines incorporating structural health monitoring

The integration of structural health monitoring into life-cycle management strategies can help facilitating a reliable operation of wind turbines and reducing the life-cycle costs significantly. This article presents a life-cycle management framework for online monitoring and performance assessment of wind turbines, enabling optimum maintenance and inspection planning at minimum associated life-cycle costs. Incorporating continuously updated monitoring data (i.e. structural, environmental, and operational data), the framework allows capturing and understanding the actual wind turbine condition and, hence, reduces uncertainty in structural responses as well as load effects acting on the structure. As will be shown in this article, the framework integrates a variety of heterogeneous hardware and software components, including sensors and data acquisition units, server systems, Internet-enabled user interfaces as well as finite element models for system identification, and a multiagent system for self-detecting sensor malfunctions. To validate its capabilities and to demonstrate its practicability, the framework is deployed for continuous monitoring and life-cycle management of a 500-kW wind turbine. Remote life-cycle analyses of the monitored wind turbine are conducted, and case studies are presented investigating both the structural performance and the operational efficiency of the wind turbine.

[1]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  Implementing a Multiagent-Based Self-Managing Structural Health Monitoring System on a Wind Turbine , 2011 .

[2]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  Implementation of a Multiagent-based Paradigm for Decentralized Real-time Structural Health Monitoring , 2011 .

[3]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  AN AGENT-BASED APPROACH TO DAM MONITORING , 2003 .

[4]  Anindya Ghoshal,et al.  Structural health monitoring techniques for wind turbine blades , 2000 .

[5]  R. Digumarthi,et al.  Wind Shear and Turbulence Effects on Rotor Fatigue and Loads Control , 2003 .

[6]  H. Budelmann K. Hariri.  A structural monitoring system for rc-/pc structures , 2007 .

[7]  Palle Thoft-Christensen,et al.  Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems , 2019 .

[8]  Liming Zhou,et al.  Diurnal and seasonal variations of wind farm impacts on land surface temperature over western Texas , 2013, Climate Dynamics.

[9]  W.A.A.M. Bierbooms,et al.  Influence of different wind profiles due to varying atmospheric stability on the fatigue life of wind turbines , 2007 .

[10]  J. Mcgowan,et al.  Wind Energy Explained , 2002 .

[11]  Cory Andrew Henson.  Sensor Data Management , 2007 .

[12]  M. L. Wang,et al.  Sensor Technologies for civil infrastructures : Performance assessment & health monitoring – , 2014 .

[13]  Joao M. G. Figueiredo,et al.  PLC based Structure for Management and Control of Distributed Energy Production Units , 2010 .

[14]  Jonathan W. Naughton,et al.  Investigation of Turbine Response to Various Wind Inflow Models , 2011 .

[15]  Mariana Hentea,et al.  Improving Security for SCADA Control Systems , 2008 .

[16]  Dan M. Frangopol.  Integrated Life-Cycle Framework for Maintenance, Monitoring and Reliability of Naval Ship Structures , 2010 .

[17]  Idriss El-Thalji,et al.  Integrated Asset Management Practices For Offshore Wind Power Industry: A Critical Review And a Road Map to the Future , 2010 .

[18]  Matthew A. Lackner,et al.  Probability distributions for offshore wind speeds , 2009 .

[19]  Dan M. Frangopol,et al.  Integration of structural health monitoring in a system performance based life-cycle bridge management framework , 2010, Structures and Infrastructure Systems.

[20]  Giovanni Gualtieri,et al.  Comparing methods to calculate atmospheric stability-dependent wind speed profiles: A case study on coastal location , 2011 .

[21]  A. Celik.  On the distributional parameters used in assessment of the suitability of wind speed probability density functions , 2004 .

[22]  Wolfgang Ecke,et al.  A fibre Bragg grating sensor system monitors operational load in a wind turbine rotor blade , 2005, International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors.

[23]  S. E. Ahmed,et al.  Handbook of Statistical Distributions with Applications , 2007, Technometrics.

[24]  Lina Bertling,et al.  An Approach for Condition-Based Maintenance Optimization Applied to Wind Turbine Blades , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[25]  Jerome P. Lynch,et al.  Structural monitoring of wind turbines using wireless sensor networks , 2010 .

[26]  M. Matsuichi,et al.  Fatigue of metals subjected to varying stress , 1968 .

[27]  Peter Tavner,et al.  Reliability of wind turbine subassemblies , 2009 .

[28]  Yu Ding,et al.  Wind Energy Facility Reliability and Maintenance , 2013 .

[29]  K. Smith,et al.  Evaluation of Wind Shear Patterns at Midwest Wind Energy Facilities: Preprint , 2002 .

[30]  Jason Edwin Stamp,et al.  COMMUNICATION VULNERABILITIES AND MITIGATIONS IN WIND POWER SCADA SYSTEMS , 2003 .

[31]  Dan M. Frangopol,et al.  Optimum inspection planning for minimizing fatigue damage detection delay of ship hull structures , 2011 .

[32]  K. H. Law,et al.  TOWARDS LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF WIND TURBINES BASED ON STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING , 2012 .

[33]  Ralph Johnson,et al.  design patterns elements of reusable object oriented software , 2019 .

[34]  Mark A. Rumsey,et al.  Structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades , 2008, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[35]  J. Lundquist,et al.  Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection , 2011 .

[36]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  Multiagent-Based Collaborative Framework for a Self-Managing Structural Health Monitoring System , 2012, J. Comput. Civ. Eng..

[37]  Bruce Bailey,et al.  Wind resource assessment handbook: Fundamentals for conducting a successful monitoring program , 1997 .

[38]  AH-S Ang,et al.  Modeling and analysis of uncertainties for risk-informed decisions in infrastructures engineering , 2005 .

[39]  E. Takle,et al.  Note on the Use of Weibull Statistics to Characterize Wind-Speed Data , 1978 .

[40]  Hans-Jürgen Dr. Klüppel,et al.  The Revision of ISO Standards 14040-3 - ISO 14040: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework - ISO 14044: Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and guidelines , 2005 .

[41]  R ROLFES,et al.  Integral SHM-System for Offshore Wind Turbines Using Smart Wireless Sensors , 2009 .

[42]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  An integrated monitoring system for life-cycle management of wind turbines , 2013 .

[43]  K. SMARSLY,et al.  Coupling Sensor-Based Structural Health Monitoring with Finite Element Model Updating for Probabilistic Lifetime Estimation of Wind Energy Converter Structures , 2011 .

[44]  Edward J. Liberman.  A Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Analysis of Wind Turbines Using Monte Carlo Simulation , 2012 .

[45]  Other.  Life cycle management: a business guide to sustainability , 2009 .

[46]  K. SmarslyUniversity,et al.  Agent-oriented development of hybrid wind turbine monitoring systems , 2010 .

[47]  Hoon Sohn,et al.  Sensor technologies for civil infrastructures , 2014 .

[48]  J. Aldrich.  Correlations Genuine and Spurious in Pearson and Yule , 1995 .

[49]  Jung-Ryul Lee,et al.  Structural health monitoring for a wind turbine system: a review of damage detection methods , 2008 .

[50]  Peter Tavner,et al.  Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of a wind turbine with a synchronous generator using wavelet transforms , 2008 .

[51]  J. A. Carta,et al.  A review of wind speed probability distributions used in wind energy analysis: Case studies in the Canary Islands , 2009 .

[52]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  Resource-efficient wireless monitoring based on mobile agent migration , 2011, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[53]  Dan M. Frangopol,et al.  Life-Cycle Ship Reliability Assessment, Damage Detection, and Optimization , 2011 .

[54]  Neil Kelley,et al.  The NREL Large-Scale Turbine Inflow and Response Experiment ― Preliminary Results , 2002 .

[55]  T. McCoy,et al.  Applicability of Nacelle Anemometer Measurements for Use in Turbine Power Performance Tests: Preprint , 2002 .

[56]  Lance Manuel,et al.  The Influence of Stable Boundary Layer Flows on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads , 2009 .

[57]  William R. King,et al.  Life‐Cycle Management , 2008 .

[58]  Dietrich Hartmann,et al.  Structural Lifetime Prediction for Wind Energy Converters Basedon Health Monitoring and System Identification , 2009 .

[59]  Kay Smarsly,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques , 2007 .

[60]  David Infield,et al.  Online wind turbine fault detection through automated SCADA data analysis , 2009 .

[61]  Kay SMARSLY,et al.  Integration of Structural Health and Condition Monitoring into the Life-Cycle Management of Wind Turbines , 2012 .

[62]  J. Tukey,et al.  An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series , 1965 .