A study of physico-chemical characteristics of three fresh water springs of Kashmir Himalaya, India

The present study was carried out on the physico-chemical analysis of three fresh water springs in district Pulwama of Kashmir Valley viz: Sandyasar naag (Ladhu), Batenaag (Khrew) and Sonaraaz naag (Shar).The samples were collected on monthly basis from January to June 2011. The various parameters were analyzed after APHA (1992) and Gupta (2004). The determined values of the three springs depicted slight variations for depth, pH, temperature, alkalinity, ammonical Nitrogen, Calcium hardness, chlorides, DO, free CO2 and nitrite Nitrogen. However marked differences were observed for conductivity, orthophosphorous and magnesium hardness. Moreover the variations for total hardness and TDS depicted ascending and descending trend.   Key words: Springs, physico-chemical analysis, Ladhu, Khrew, Shar, Kashmir.