Generation Scotland (2016). Meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Extraversion: Findings from the Genetics of Personality Consortium. (2),

Extraversion is a relatively stable and heritable personality trait associated with numerous psychosocial, lifestyle and health outcomes. Despite its substantial heritability, no genetic variants have been detected in previous genome-wide association (GWA) small those we report on a large meta-analysis of GWA studies for extraversion in 63,030 subjects in 29 cohorts. Extraversion multiple personality No genome-wide significant associations the single nucleotide one significant hit gene for non-coding site Genome-wide complex trait analysis in two large cohorts showed that the additive variance explained by common SNPs not significantly from zero, but polygenic risk scores, weighted using linkage information, significantly predicted extraversion scores in an independent cohort. These results show that extraversion is a highly polygenic personality trait, with an architecture possibly different from other complex human traits, including other personality traits. Future studies are required to further determine which genetic variants, by what modes of gene action, constitute the heritable nature of extraversion.

[1]  P. Visscher,et al.  Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores , 2015, bioRxiv.

[2]  Daniel E. Adkins,et al.  Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Studies for Neuroticism, and the Polygenic Association With Major Depressive Disorder. , 2015, JAMA psychiatry.

[3]  E. Tucker-Drob,et al.  Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis. , 2014, Psychological bulletin.

[4]  Jean-Paul Fox,et al.  Harmonization of Neuroticism and Extraversion phenotypes across inventories and cohorts in the Genetics of Personality Consortium: an application of Item Response Theory , 2014, Behavior genetics.

[5]  Susan M. Resnick,et al.  Personality and risk of Alzheimer's disease: New data and meta-analysis , 2014, Alzheimer's & Dementia.

[6]  E. Turkheimer,et al.  A phenotypic null hypothesis for the genetics of personality. , 2014, Annual review of psychology.

[7]  Eean R. Crawford,et al.  Hierarchical representations of the five-factor model of personality in predicting job performance: integrating three organizing frameworks with two theoretical perspectives. , 2013, The Journal of applied psychology.

[8]  Toshiko Tanaka,et al.  Refining genome-wide linkage intervals using a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies loci influencing personality dimensions , 2012, European Journal of Human Genetics.

[9]  Adrian Furnham,et al.  Personality, assessment methods and academic performance , 2013 .

[10]  Lars Penke,et al.  MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN HUMAN PERSONALITY: TESTING EVOLUTIONARY MODELS BY ESTIMATING HERITABILITY DUE TO COMMON CAUSAL VARIANTS AND INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF DISTANT INBREEDING , 2012, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[11]  Johnny S. H. Kwan,et al.  HYST: a hybrid set-based test for genome-wide association studies, with application to protein-protein interaction-based association analysis. , 2012, American journal of human genetics.

[12]  M. Jarvelin,et al.  A genome-wide meta-analysis of association studies of Cloninger's Temperament Scales , 2012, Translational Psychiatry.

[13]  M McGue,et al.  Common SNPs explain some of the variation in the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion , 2012, Translational Psychiatry.

[14]  Lorna M. Lopez,et al.  Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality , 2012, Molecular Psychiatry.

[15]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Heritability of Problem Drinking and the Genetic Overlap with Personality in a General Population Sample , 2011, Front. Gene..

[16]  Lorna M. Lopez,et al.  The genetic association between personality and major depression or bipolar disorder. A polygenic score analysis using genome-wide association data , 2011, Translational Psychiatry.

[17]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Personality and Obesity Across the Adult Life Span , 2011 .

[18]  S. Shifman,et al.  The Genetic Variation of RELN Expression in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder , 2011, PloS one.

[19]  Y. S. Zhu,et al.  A new single-nucleotide mutation (rs362719) of the reelin (RELN) gene associated with schizophrenia in female Chinese Han. , 2011, Genetics and molecular research : GMR.

[20]  T. Hansen,et al.  Genome wide association study identifies KCNMA1 contributing to human obesity , 2011, BMC Medical Genomics.

[21]  P. Visscher,et al.  A Commentary on ‘Common SNPs Explain a Large Proportion of the Heritability for Human Height’ by Yang et al. (2010) , 2010, Twin Research and Human Genetics.

[22]  Naomi R. Wray,et al.  A genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales: Implications for the evolutionary genetics of personality , 2010, Biological Psychology.

[23]  P. Visscher,et al.  Common SNPs explain a large proportion of heritability for human height , 2011 .

[24]  G. Abecasis,et al.  Genome-wide association scan for five major dimensions of personality , 2010, Molecular Psychiatry.

[25]  B. Bogerts,et al.  Reduced density of ADAM 12-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the anterior cingulate white matter of patients with schizophrenia , 2010, The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry.

[26]  T. Trull,et al.  The Five-Factor Model of Personality and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Genetic Analysis of Comorbidity , 2009, Biological Psychiatry.

[27]  Luigi Ferrucci,et al.  Personality Predictors of Longevity: Activity, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness , 2008, Psychosomatic medicine.

[28]  Timothy C. Bates,et al.  Happiness Is a Personal(ity) Thing , 2008, Psychological science.

[29]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Non-additive and Additive Genetic Effects on Extraversion in 3314 Dutch Adolescent Twins and Their Parents , 2022 .

[30]  Thomas R. Boucher,et al.  Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices , 2007 .

[31]  Falk W. Lohoff,et al.  Association of the met66 allele of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with smoking , 2007, Psychopharmacology.

[32]  R. Rhodes,et al.  Personality correlates of physical activity: a review and meta-analysis , 2006, British Journal of Sports Medicine.

[33]  Y. Ono,et al.  Is the genetic structure of human personality universal? A cross-cultural twin study from North America, Europe, and Asia. , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[34]  D I Boomsma,et al.  Regular exercise, anxiety, depression and personality: a population-based study. , 2006, Preventive medicine.

[35]  R. Belmaker,et al.  Elevated urinary ADAM12 protein levels in lithium-treated bipolar patients , 2006, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[36]  Ming D. Li,et al.  Significant association of BDNF haplotypes in European‐American male smokers but not in European‐American female or African‐American smokers , 2005, American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics.

[37]  N. Martin,et al.  Widespread Evidence for Non-Additive Genetic Variation in Cloninger’s and Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions using a Twin Plus Sibling Design , 2005, Behavior genetics.

[38]  Mariza de Andrade,et al.  Human brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes, splicing patterns, and assessments of associations with substance abuse and Parkinson's Disease , 2005, American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics.

[39]  Christopher J Patrick,et al.  Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. , 2002, Psychological assessment.

[40]  J. Loehlin,et al.  Genes, Evolution, and Personality , 2001, Behavior genetics.

[41]  F. Fruyt,et al.  Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality , 2000 .

[42]  M. McGue,et al.  Sex differences and nonadditivity in heritability of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Scales. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[43]  Y. Benjamini,et al.  Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing , 1995 .

[44]  A. T. Church,et al.  Relating the Tellegen and five-factor models of personality structure. , 1994, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[45]  C. R. Cloninger,et al.  A psychobiological model of temperament and character. , 1993, Archives of general psychiatry.

[46]  C. Robert Cloninger.  A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal. , 1987, Archives of general psychiatry.

[47]  H. Eysenck,et al.  A revised version of the Psychoticism scale. , 1985 .

[48]  H. Eysenck,et al.  Manual of the Eysenck personality questionnaire , 1975 .