Analysis of the combined effect of lasers of different wavelengths for PDT outcome using 600, 630, and 660 nm

We investigated the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome when combining three laser systems that produce light in three different wavelengths (600, 630, and 660 nm). Cooperative as well as independent effects can be observed. We compared the results of the combined wavelengths of light with the effect of single laser for the excitation of the photosensitizer. In the current experiment, the used photosensitizer was Photogem? (1.5 mg/kg). Combining two wavelengths for PDT, their cumulative dose and different penetrability may change the overall effect of the fluence of light, which can be effective for increasing the depth of necrosis. This evaluation was performed by comparing the depth and specific aspect of necrosis obtained by using single and dual wavelengths for irradiation of healthy liver of male Wistar rats. We used 15 animals and divided them in five groups of three animals. First, Photogem? was administered; follow by measurement of the fluorescence spectrum of the liver before PDT to confirm the level of accumulation of photosensitizer in the tissue. After that, an area of 1 cm2 of the liver was illuminated using different laser combinations. Qualitative analysis of the necrosis was carried out through histological and morphological study.

[1]  M. Nawaz,et al.  Laser-induced effects in different biological samples , 2010, Lasers in Medical Science.

[2]  J. Bladé,et al.  Novel drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma , 2010, Haematologica.

[3]  Claudio H. Sibata,et al.  Experimental determination of threshold dose in photodynamic therapy in normal rat liver , 2007 .

[4]  W. A. Pieterson,et al.  Stability and scanning electron microscopy of Photofrin-II and Photosan-3 , 1996 .

[5]  H. V. Snelling,et al.  Two-photon excitation studies of m-THPC photosensitizer and photodynamic activity in an epithelial cell line. , 2007, Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

[6]  G. Mu,et al.  Distribution and binding of novel photosensitizer 2-devinyl-2-(1-methoxyl-ethyl) chlorin f in human breast cancer cells MCF-7 , 2009 .

[7]  F. Cui,et al.  Mitochondria-involved apoptosis induced by MPPa mediated photodynamic therapy , 2008 .

[8]  F. Cui,et al.  Effect of inducible expression of HIF-1α on prostate cancer cell in MPPa-PDT , 2008 .

[9]  H. Pass,et al.  Photodynamic therapy in oncology: mechanisms and clinical use. , 1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[10]  H. Hanai,et al.  Apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line MKN45 by photodynamic treatment with Photofrin , 2004, Lasers in Medical Science.

[11]  Q. Peng,et al.  Correlation of subcellular and intratumoral photosensitizer localization with ultrastructural features after photodynamic therapy. , 1996, Ultrastructural pathology.

[12]  R G Wheeland,et al.  Clinical uses of lasers in dermatology , 1995, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[13]  P. Timashev,et al.  Combined laser and photodynamic treatment in extensive purulent wounds , 2010 .

[14]  R. Zahoor,et al.  Labelling and optimization of PHOTOFRIN® with 99mTc , 2010 .

[15]  Chuanshan Xu,et al.  Light-activated hypericin induces cellular destruction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells , 2009 .

[16]  C. Sibata,et al.  Aggregation susceptibility on phototransformation of hematoporphyrin derivatives , 2008 .

[17]  C. Sibata,et al.  Photosensitizers in clinical PDT. , 2004, Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

[18]  Dingqun Bai,et al.  Photodynamic action of LED-activated nanoscale photosensitizer in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells , 2010 .

[19]  François Guillemin,et al.  Necrotic and apoptotic features of cell death in response to Foscan photosensitization of HT29 monolayer and multicell spheroids. , 2005, Biochemical pharmacology.

[20]  J. J. Schuitmaker,et al.  Effective treatment of liver metastases with photodynamic therapy, using the second-generation photosensitizer meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC), in a rat model , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[21]  C. M. Yow,et al.  Study of the efficacy and mechanism of ALA‐mediated photodynamic therapy on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell , 2007, Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver.

[22]  P. D. Smith,et al.  Photodynamic therapy with porphyrin and phthalocyanine sensitisation: quantitative studies in normal rat liver. , 1986, British Journal of Cancer.

[23]  J E Kaufman,et al.  Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. , 1978, Cancer research.

[24]  Brian C. Wilson,et al.  Effect of photosensitizer concentration in tissue on the penetration depth of photoactivating light , 1986, Lasers in Medical Science.

[25]  R. Bonnett,et al.  Photobleaching of sensitisers used in photodynamic therapy , 2001 .

[26]  Valdir C Colussi,et al.  Photodynamic therapy in oncology , 2001, Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy.

[27]  J. Moan,et al.  Influence of formulation factors on methyl-ALA-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in vivo. , 2006, Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

[28]  M. Ribeiro,et al.  Light parameters influence cell viability in antifungal photodynamic therapy in a fluence and rate fluence-dependent manner , 2009 .

[29]  T. Mang,et al.  Lasers and light sources for PDT: past, present and future. , 2004, Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

[30]  J. R. Perussi,et al.  Correlation of cytotoxicity and depth of necrosis of the photoproducts of photogem® , 2007 .

[31]  J. Hill,et al.  A history of photodynamic therapy. , 1991, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[32]  W. Dietel,et al.  Phototransformation of Sensitisers: 3. Implications for Clinical Dosimetry , 1998, Lasers in Medical Science.

[33]  H. Barr,et al.  Eradication of high-grade dysplasia in columnar-lined (Barrett's) oesophagus by photodynamic therapy with endogenously generated protoporphyrin IX , 1996, The Lancet.

[34]  S L Jacques,et al.  Optical properties of rat liver between 350 and 2200 nm. , 1989, Applied optics.

[35]  A. Kurkov,et al.  Raman fiber laser for the drug-free photodynamic therapy , 2010 .

[36]  V. S. Bagnato,et al.  Phototransformation of hematoporphyrin in aqueous solution: Anomalous behavior at low oxygen concentration , 2009 .

[37]  C. Sibata,et al.  Can efficiency of the photosensitizer be predicted by its photostability in solution? , 2009 .

[38]  T. Zhiyentayev,et al.  Development of novel formulations for photodynamic therapy on the basis of amphiphilic polymers and porphyrin photosensitizers. Pluronic influence on photocatalytic activity of porphyrins , 2009 .

[39]  A Gorchein,et al.  Photosensitisation and photodynamic therapy of oesophageal, duodenal, and colorectal tumours using 5 aminolaevulinic acid induced protoporphyrin IX--a pilot study. , 1995, Gut.

[40]  M. Atif,et al.  In vitro study of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for apoptosis in human cervical HeLa cell line , 2009 .

[41]  Jolanta Saczko,et al.  Uptake of photofrin II, a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy, by tumour cells in vitro. , 2003, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[42]  J. Roodenburg,et al.  Autofluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for oral oncology , 2005, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[43]  V. Bagnato,et al.  Photostability of different chlorine photosensitizers , 2008 .

[44]  Xin-Hua Hu,et al.  Photodynamic therapy for chest wall recurrence from breast cancer. , 2004, Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

[45]  R. Gurny,et al.  State of the art in the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. , 2002, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[46]  P. Spinelli,et al.  Endoscopie treatment of gastrointestinal tumors: Indications and results of laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy , 1995 .

[47]  M S Patterson,et al.  In vivo TESTS OF THE CONCEPT OF PHOTODYNAMIC THRESHOLD DOSE IN NORMAL RAT LIVER PHOTOSENSITIZED BY ALUMINUM CHLOROSULPHONATED PHTHALOCYANINE , 1990, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[48]  V. Bagnato,et al.  Comparative study of photodegradation of three hematoporphyrin derivative: Photofrin®, Photogem®, and Photosan® , 2007 .

[49]  M. Atif,et al.  Study of the efficacy of 5 ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy on human larynx squamous cell carcinoma (Hep2c) cell line , 2010 .

[50]  R. van Hillegersberg,et al.  Current Status of Photodynamic Therapy in Oncology , 1994, Drugs.

[51]  V. Bagnato,et al.  Influence of pH on the phototransformation process of Photogem® , 2009 .

[52]  M. Pacheco,et al.  Ultrastructural effects of two phthalocyanines in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells after laser irradiation. , 2003, Biocell : official journal of the Sociedades Latinoamericanas de Microscopia Electronica ... et. al.

[53]  C H Sibata,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of Photogem using fluorescence monitoring in Wistar rats. , 2004, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[54]  Thomas S. Mang,et al.  THE THEORY OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY DOSIMETRY: CONSEQUENCES OF PHOTO‐DESTRUCTION OF SENSITIZER , 1987 .

[55]  J. R. Perussi,et al.  Photodynamic therapy for Photogem® and Photofrin® using different light wavelengths in 375 human melanoma cells , 2007 .

[56]  M. Atif,et al.  Study of the efficacy of 5-ALA mediated photodynamic therapy on human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line (RD) , 2010 .