The hoarding dimension of OCD: psychological comorbidity and the five-factor personality model.

Although hoarding has been associated with several psychological disorders, it is most frequently linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The present study assessed hoarding obsessions and compulsions in 204 individuals with OCD, and evaluated how hoarding was related to obsessive-compulsive symptom severity, psychological comorbidity, and personality as measured by the five-factor model. Results indicated that hoarding in OCD is a dimensional variable that is positively associated with dysphoria, total number of lifetime Axis I disorders, and lifetime histories of bipolar I, PTSD, and body dysmorphic disorder. Hoarding was negatively correlated with the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) factor of Conscientiousness and positively associated with the NEO-PI-R factor of Neuroticism. When all personality and psychopathology variables were entered into a regression equation, dysphoria, bipolar II disorder, Conscientiousness, age, and Extraversion emerged as significant predictors of hoarding severity. Recommendations are made for clinicians and for future research.

[1]  H. Akiskal,et al.  Obsessive-compulsive-bipolar comorbidity: a systematic exploration of clinical features and treatment outcome. , 2002, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[2]  L. A. Pervin.  Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research , 1992 .

[3]  D. Black,et al.  Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 1998, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[4]  A. Beck,et al.  Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation , 1988 .

[5]  W. Goodman,et al.  The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[6]  R. Frost,et al.  Relationships among compulsive hoarding, trauma, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2005, Behaviour research and therapy.

[7]  S. Rauch,et al.  Relation of factor‐analyzed symptom dimensions of obsessive‐compulsive disorder to personality disorders , 2000, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[8]  R. Frost,et al.  Mood, personality disorder symptoms and disability in obsessive compulsive hoarders: a comparison with clinical and nonclinical controls. , 2000, Behaviour research and therapy.

[9]  A. Damasio,et al.  A neural basis for collecting behaviour in humans. , 2004, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[10]  K. Kidd,et al.  Genomewide scan of hoarding in sib pairs in which both sibs have Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. , 2002, American journal of human genetics.

[11]  P. Costa,et al.  Age, personality, and the spontaneous self-concept. , 1988, Journal of gerontology.

[12]  R. Frost,et al.  Hoarding and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms , 1996, Behavior modification.

[13]  R. Shafran,et al.  Obsessive-Compulsive Hoarding: A Cognitive-Behavioural Approach , 1996, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy.

[14]  S. Rauch,et al.  Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 1999, The American journal of psychiatry.

[15]  R. Frost,et al.  A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. , 1996, Behaviour research and therapy.

[16]  R. Heimberg,et al.  Hoarding behaviors in a large college sample. , 2003, Behaviour research and therapy.

[17]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality , 1994 .

[18]  F. Frankenburg.  Hoarding in anorexia nervosa. , 1984, The British journal of medical psychology.

[19]  H. Akiskal,et al.  The clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 1997, Journal of affective disorders.

[20]  H. Akiskal,et al.  Episodic course in obsessive-compulsive disorder , 1998, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[21]  R. Frost,et al.  The hoarding of possessions. , 1993, Behaviour research and therapy.

[22]  T. Trull,et al.  Personality and psychopathology: an application of the five-factor model. , 1992, Journal of personality.

[23]  O. John,et al.  Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed. , 1999 .

[24]  William W Eaton,et al.  Anxiety and depressive disorders and the five‐factor model of personality: A higher‐ and lower‐order personality trait investigation in a community sample , 2004, Depression and anxiety.

[25]  R. Hoehn-Saric,et al.  Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a case-control study. , 2002, Behaviour research and therapy.

[26]  K. Kobak,et al.  Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions as Predictors of Compliance with and Response to Behaviour Therapy: Results from a Controlled Trial , 2002, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

[27]  Edna B. Foa,et al.  Effects of comorbid depression on response to treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder , 2000 .

[28]  J. Abramowitz,et al.  Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2003, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[29]  M. Jenike,et al.  Comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: impact on treatment outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[30]  P. Costa,et al.  The five-factor theory of personality. , 2008 .

[31]  M. Weissman,et al.  The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. The Cross National Collaborative Group. , 1994, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[32]  E. Foa,et al.  Success and failure in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsives. , 1983, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[33]  G. Tarlow,et al.  Obsessive-compulsive hoarding: symptom severity and response to multimodal treatment. , 2002, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[34]  R. Frost,et al.  Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. , 2004, Behaviour research and therapy.

[35]  D. Murphy,et al.  Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder , 2004, Depression and anxiety.

[36]  S. Swedo,et al.  Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. , 2004, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

[37]  Gail Steketee,et al.  Cognitive and Behavioral Treatment of Compulsive Hoarding , 2003 .

[38]  K. Dobson,et al.  Cognitive therapy of depression: pretreatment patient predictors of outcome. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[39]  Leonardo Franklin Fontenelle,et al.  Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms: a distinctive clinical subtype? , 2004, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[40]  R. Bagby,et al.  Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the five-factor model of personality: distinction and overlap with major depressive disorder. , 2002, Behaviour research and therapy.

[41]  J. S. Wiggins,et al.  Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. , 1990 .

[42]  W. Goodman,et al.  The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[43]  M. Hersen,et al.  Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R: an evaluative review. , 1994, Comprehensive Psychiatry.

[44]  G. Hanna.  Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[45]  S. Tsai,et al.  Hoarding behavior in dementia. A preliminary report. , 1998, The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry.

[46]  S. Rasmussen,et al.  The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. , 1992, The Psychiatric clinics of North America.

[47]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder , 2000, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[48]  Gail Steketee,et al.  Cognitive Aspects of Compulsive Hoarding , 2003, Cognitive Therapy and Research.