Open bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence imaging sensing using paper-based microfluidics

Abstract A novel paper-based open bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence (P-o-BPE-ECL) sensing has been developed for visual detection. Wax-screen-printing was employed to make microfluidic channels on filter paper, and the carbon ink-based BPE and driving electrodes were screen-printed on paper. An inexpensive CCD camera was used as a detector for imaging sensing. In this study, two P-o-BPE-ECL imaging sensing platforms were demonstrated. For the first one, a hydrophilic paper channel was used to host a single “band”-shaped BPE. Under optimal conditions, this P-o-BPE-ECL platform successfully fulfilled the imaging sensing of tri-n-propylamine (TPA) with a linear range from 10 to 1000 μM with a detection limit of 8.7 μM. In addition, the determination of H2O2 using this platform could be performed in the linear range of 50 μM to 5000 μM with a detection limit of 46.6 μM. For the second platform, an open BPE array configuration has been proposed for P-o-BPE-ECL sensing, where eleven BPEs were stridden across the two legs of the “U”-shaped paper channel. On this prototype, a simple screening application has been performed. These results show that the proposed strategy offers great promise in providing a simple, low-cost, rapid and environment-friendly solution for biochemical applications.

[1]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of c-Myc mRNA in breast cancer cells on a wireless bipolar electrode. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[2]  Byoung-Yong Chang,et al.  A Theoretical and Experimental Framework for Understanding Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Emission at Bipolar Electrodes , 2009 .

[3]  R. Dryfe,et al.  The voltammetric response of bipolar cells: Mechanistic investigations of electroless deposition , 2009 .

[4]  J. L. Delaney,et al.  Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection in paper-based microfluidic sensors. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Design and operation of microelectrochemical gates and integrated circuits. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  Meng Li,et al.  3D origami electrochemiluminescence immunodevice based on porous silver-paper electrode and nanoporous silver double-assisted signal amplification , 2013 .

[7]  Lauro T Kubota,et al.  Sensing approaches on paper-based devices: a review , 2013, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[8]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Three-dimensional paper-based electrochemiluminescence device for simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ based on potential-control technique. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[9]  J Justin Gooding,et al.  Colloidal silicon quantum dots: from preparation to the modification of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for bio-applications. , 2014, Chemical Society reviews.

[10]  Ali Kemal Yetisen,et al.  Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[11]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Microelectrochemical logic circuits. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[12]  L. Bouffier,et al.  Chemiluminescence from asymmetric inorganic surface layers generated by bipolar electrochemistry. , 2013, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[13]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[14]  Shenguang Ge,et al.  Paper-based electrochemiluminescent 3D immunodevice for lab-on-paper, specific, and sensitive point-of-care testing. , 2012, Chemistry.

[15]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence aptasensor based on bipolar electrode for detection of adenosine in cancer cells. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[16]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Wireless electrochemical DNA microarray sensor. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[17]  Neso Sojic,et al.  Lighting Up Redox Propulsion with Luminol Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence , 2014 .

[18]  A. Kuhn,et al.  Shaping and exploring the micro- and nanoworld using bipolar electrochemistry , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[19]  Jing‐Juan Xu,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence analysis of folate receptors on cell membrane with on-chip bipolar electrode. , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[20]  Guobao Xu,et al.  Wireless electrochemiluminescence with disposable minidevice. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  Chunsun Zhang,et al.  A novel paper-based microfluidic enhanced chemiluminescence biosensor for facile, reliable and highly-sensitive gene detection of Listeria monocytogenes , 2015 .

[22]  Xu Li,et al.  A perspective on paper-based microfluidics: Current status and future trends. , 2012, Biomicrofluidics.

[23]  Chang Lu,et al.  Quantum dot (QD)-modified carbon tape electrodes for reproducible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission on a paper-based platform. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  B. Zhang,et al.  Coupled electrochemical reactions at bipolar microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  Seokheun Choi,et al.  Paper-based batteries: a review. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[26]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  Electrochemical sensing in microfluidic systems using electrogenerated chemiluminescence as a photonic reporter of redox reactions. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[27]  R. Crooks,et al.  Snapshot voltammetry using a triangular bipolar microelectrode. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[28]  R. Crooks,et al.  Two-dimensional bipolar electrochemistry. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[29]  Dragan Manojlovic,et al.  Light-emitting electrochemical "swimmers". , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[30]  T. Osakai,et al.  Electron-conductor separating oil–water (ECSOW) system: a new strategy for characterizing electron-transfer processes at the oil/water interface , 2002 .

[31]  Baohua Lou,et al.  Paper-based solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensor using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) functionalized graphene/nafion composite film. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[32]  Andres W. Martinez,et al.  Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices , 2009 .

[33]  Egan H. Doeven,et al.  Use of a mobile phone for potentiostatic control with low cost paper-based microfluidic sensors. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[34]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Paper-based electrochemiluminescence biosensor for cancer cell detection , 2014 .

[35]  Guonan Chen,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence imaging-based high-throughput screening platform for electrocatalysts used in fuel cells. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[36]  Shenguang Ge,et al.  Electrophoretic separation in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device with an on-column wireless electrogenerated chemiluminescence detector. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[37]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Electrochemiluminescence on bipolar electrodes for visual bioanalysis , 2013 .

[38]  Loïc J Blum,et al.  Electro-chemiluminescent biosensing , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[39]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  A multichannel microfluidic sensor that detects anodic redox reactions indirectly using anodic electrogenerated chemiluminescence. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[40]  Jinghua Yu,et al.  3D microfluidic origami electrochemiluminescence immunodevice for sensitive point-of-care testing of carcinoma antigen 125 , 2013 .

[41]  J. Eijkel,et al.  A wireless electrochemiluminescence detector applied to direct and indirect detection for electrophoresis on a microfabricated glass device. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[42]  Jing-Juan Xu,et al.  Disposable paper-based bipolar electrode for sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of a cancer biomarker. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[43]  B. Zhang,et al.  Steady-state voltammetry of a microelectrode in a closed bipolar cell. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[45]  Katsuhiko Ariga,et al.  Layer-by-layer Nanoarchitectonics: Invention, Innovation, and Evolution , 2014 .

[46]  A. Manz,et al.  Detection of electrochemiluminescence from floating metal platelets in suspension. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[47]  Richard M Crooks,et al.  A two-channel microfluidic sensor that uses anodic electrogenerated chemiluminescence as a photonic reporter of cathodic redox reactions. , 2003, Analytical chemistry.

[48]  Jing Li,et al.  New insight into a microfluidic-based bipolar system for an electrochemiluminescence sensing platform. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[49]  R. Crooks,et al.  Two-channel microelectrochemical bipolar electrode sensor array. , 2012, The Analyst.

[50]  Shenguang Ge,et al.  An origami electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on gold/graphene for specific, sensitive point-of-care testing of carcinoembryonic antigen , 2014 .

[51]  R. Dryfe,et al.  The voltammetric response of bipolar cells: Reversible electron transfer , 2010 .

[52]  Q. Fang,et al.  Integrating bipolar electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence imaging with microdroplets for chemical analysis. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.