A Code of Ethics for the Human-Robot Interaction Profession

As robots transition into human social environments, a new range of technical, ethical, and legal challenges are arising. This paper discusses the unique ethical challenges facing HRI practitioners designing robots for these spaces, and proposes a code of ethics for the profession. We argue that the affordance of all rights and protections ordinarily assumed in human-human interactions apply to human-robot interaction, and discuss various social, legal, and design considerations to facilitate this.

[1]  W. Form.  On the Degradation of Skills , 1987 .

[2]  Nigel Gilbert,et al.  Simulating speech systems , 1991 .

[3]  Michael A. Goodrich,et al.  Experiments in adjustable autonomy , 2001, 2001 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. e-Systems and e-Man for Cybernetics in Cyberspace (Cat.No.01CH37236).

[4]  Aaron Powers,et al.  Matching robot appearance and behavior to tasks to improve human-robot cooperation , 2003, The 12th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2003. Proceedings. ROMAN 2003..

[5]  Dana Kulic,et al.  Safe planning for human-robot interaction , 2004, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2004. Proceedings. ICRA '04. 2004.

[6]  Pamela J. Hinds,et al.  Whose job is it anyway? a study of human-robot interaction in a collaborative task , 2004 .

[7]  Sebastian Lang,et al.  Research Issues for Designing Robot Companions: BIRON as a Case Study , 2004 .

[8]  Pamela J. Hinds,et al.  Whose Job Is It Anyway? A Study of Human-Robot Interaction in a Collaborative Task , 2004, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[9]  Jodi Forlizzi,et al.  Assistive Robotics and an Ecology of Elders Living Independently in Their Homes , 2004, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[10]  Brian Scassellati,et al.  How Social Robots Will Help Us to Diagnose, Treat, and Understand Autism , 2005, ISRR.

[11]  M. Skubic,et al.  A technology and nursing collaboration to help older adults age in place. , 2005, Nursing outlook.

[12]  Jodi Forlizzi,et al.  Service robots in the domestic environment: a study of the roomba vacuum in the home , 2006, HRI '06.

[13]  Cory D. Kidd,et al.  A sociable robot to encourage social interaction among the elderly , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[14]  Julie A. Adams,et al.  Assessing the scalability of a multiple robot interface , 2007, 2007 2nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[15]  Michael A. Goodrich,et al.  Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey , 2008, Found. Trends Hum. Comput. Interact..

[16]  Raja Parasuraman,et al.  Designing for Flexible Interaction Between Humans and Automation: Delegation Interfaces for Supervisory Control , 2007, Hum. Factors.

[17]  Takanori Shibata,et al.  Living With Seal Robots—Its Sociopsychological and Physiological Influences on the Elderly at a Care House , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Robotics.

[18]  Yiannis Demiris,et al.  Human-wheelchair collaboration through prediction of intention and adaptive assistance , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[19]  Katherine M. Tsui,et al.  Development and evaluation of a flexible interface for a wheelchair mounted robotic arm , 2008, 2008 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[20]  C. Allen,et al.  Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong , 2008 .

[21]  Maja J. Mataric,et al.  Toward Socially Assistive Robotics for Augmenting Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders , 2008, ISER.

[22]  Marek P. Michalowski,et al.  Keepon : A Playful Robot for Research, Therapy, and Entertainment (Original Paper) , 2009 .

[23]  Ronald C. Arkin,et al.  Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots , 2009 .

[24]  C. Lathan,et al.  Therapeutic robotics for children with disabilities: a case study. , 2009, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[25]  Matthias Scheutz.  The Inherent Dangers of Unidirectional Emotional Bonds between Humans and Social Robots , 2009 .

[26]  Peter Robinson,et al.  Empathizing with robots: Fellow feeling along the anthropomorphic spectrum , 2009, 2009 3rd International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and Workshops.

[27]  Laurel D. Riek,et al.  The Social Co-Robotics Problem Space : Six Key Challenges , 2010 .

[28]  J. Robertson.  Gendering Humanoid Robots: Robo-Sexism in Japan , 2010 .

[29]  M. Ryan Calo,et al.  Robots and Privacy , 2010 .

[30]  Andrew Lewis,et al.  A code of ethics for robotics engineers , 2010, 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[31]  Chih-Hung King,et al.  Towards an assistive robot that autonomously performs bed baths for patient hygiene , 2010, 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[32]  Robert N. M. Watson,et al.  The Age of Avatar Realism , 2010, IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine.

[33]  Claude Draude,et al.  Intermediaries: reflections on virtual humans, gender, and the Uncanny Valley , 2011, Ai & Society.

[34]  Advait Jain,et al.  EL-E: an assistive mobile manipulator that autonomously fetches objects from flat surfaces , 2010, Auton. Robots.

[35]  Keith W. Miller,et al.  It's Not Nice to Fool Humans , 2010, IT Professional.

[36]  Manja Lohse,et al.  Investigating the influence of situations and expectations in user behavior - empirical analysis in human-robot interaction , 2010 .

[37]  Jessie Y. C. Chen,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction , 2011, Hum. Factors.

[38]  Michael Anderson,et al.  Machine Ethics , 2011 .

[39]  Manja Lohse,et al.  The role of expectations and situations in human-robot interaction , 2011, HRI 2011.

[40]  Patrick Lin,et al.  Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics , 2011 .

[41]  Leila Takayama,et al.  Assisted driving of a mobile remote presence system: System design and controlled user evaluation , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[42]  Patrick Lin,et al.  The Inherent Dangers of Unidirectional Emotional Bonds between Humans and Social Robots , 2012 .

[43]  William D. Smart,et al.  Robots for humanity: User-centered design for assistive mobile manipulation , 2012, 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.

[44]  Jenay M. Beer,et al.  The domesticated robot: Design guidelines for assisting older adults to age in place , 2012, 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[45]  Laurel D. Riek,et al.  Wizard of Oz studies in HRI , 2012, J. Hum. Robot Interact..

[46]  Stefanos Nikolaidis,et al.  Optimization of Temporal Dynamics for Adaptive Human-Robot Interaction in Assembly Manufacturing , 2012, Robotics: Science and Systems.

[47]  Holly A. Yanco,et al.  Effects of changing reliability on trust of robot systems , 2012, 2012 7th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI).

[48]  Matthew Derry,et al.  Using machine learning to blend human and robot controls for assisted wheelchair navigation , 2013, 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR).

[49]  Julie Carpenter,et al.  The Quiet Professional: An investigation of U.S. military Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel interactions with everyday field robots , 2013 .

[50]  Siddhartha S. Srinivasa,et al.  Toward seamless human-robot handovers , 2013, Journal of Human-Robot Interaction.

[51]  Aaron Steinfeld,et al.  Trust During Robot-Assisted Navigation , 2013, AAAI Spring Symposium: Trust and Autonomous Systems.

[52]  C. Crowell,et al.  Clinical Applications of Robots in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment , 2014 .

[53]  Selma Sabanovic,et al.  Designing robots in the wild , 2014, HRI 2014.