Surface or Internal Hydration – Does It Really Matter?

The precise location of an ion or electron, whether it is internally solvated or residing on the surface of a water cluster, remains an intriguing question. Subtle differences in the hydrogen bonding network may lead to a preference for one or the other. Here we discuss spectroscopic probes of the structure of gas-phase hydrated ions in combination with quantum chemistry, as well as H/D exchange as a means of structure elucidation. With the help of nanocalorimetry, we look for thermochemical signatures of surface vs internal solvation. Examples of strongly size-dependent reactivity are reviewed which illustrate the influence of surface vs internal solvation on unimolecular rearrangements of the cluster, as well as on the rate and product distribution of ion-molecule reactions.

[1]  M. Beyer,et al.  Simplified Multiple-Well Approach for the Master Equation Modeling of Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Hydrated Carbonate Radical Anions , 2022, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[2]  M. Beyer,et al.  Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution at Metal Centers Probed with Hydrated Aluminium Cations, Al+(H2O) n , n=1–10 , 2021, Chemistry.

[3]  M. Beyer,et al.  Asymmetric Solvation of the Zinc Dimer Cation Revealed by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy of Zn2+(H2O)n (n = 1–20) , 2021, International journal of molecular sciences.

[4]  M. Beyer,et al.  Getting Ready for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: The Infrared Spectrum of Hydrated Aluminum Hydride–Hydroxide HAlOH+(H2O)n−1, n=9–14 , 2021, Angewandte Chemie.

[5]  Sujay Paul,et al.  Probing Interfacial Effects on Ionization Energies: The Surprising Banality of Anion-Water Hydrogen Bonding at the Air/Water Interface. , 2021, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[6]  Mark A. Johnson,et al.  Capturing intrinsic site-dependent spectral signatures and lifetimes of isolated OH oscillators in extended water networks , 2019, Nature Chemistry.

[7]  D. Neumark,et al.  Probing the Structural Evolution of the Hydrated Electron in Water Cluster Anions (H2O)n–, n ≤ 200, by Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy , 2019, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  Toshinori Suzuki.  Ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions. , 2019, The Journal of chemical physics.

[9]  M. Beyer,et al.  Infrared Spectroscopy of Size‐Selected Hydrated Carbon Dioxide Radical Anions CO2 .−(H2O)n (n=2–61) in the C−O Stretch Region , 2019, Chemistry.

[10]  F. Paesani,et al.  Halide Ion Microhydration: Structure, Energetics, and Spectroscopy of Small Halide-Water Clusters. , 2019, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[11]  M. Beyer,et al.  Carbon-carbon bond formation in the reaction of hydrated carbon dioxide radical anions with 3-butyn-1-ol. , 2019, International journal of mass spectrometry.

[12]  M. Beyer,et al.  CO2/O2 Exchange in Magnesium–Water Clusters Mg+(H2O)n , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[13]  M. Beyer,et al.  Photochemistry and spectroscopy of small hydrated magnesium clusters Mg+(H2O)n, n = 1–5 , 2018, The Journal of chemical physics.

[14]  Jijun Zhao,et al.  Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of F-(H2O) n with n = 1-10 Clusters from a Global Search Based On Density Functional Theory. , 2018, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[15]  J. Roithová,et al.  Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopy with Free-Electron Lasers: On the Road from Small Molecules to Biomolecules. , 2018, Chemistry.

[16]  G. Galli,et al.  Electron affinity of liquid water , 2018, Nature Communications.

[17]  M. Beyer,et al.  Evidence for Electron Transfer in the Reactions of Hydrated Monovalent First-Row Transition-Metal Ions M(H2O)n+, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, n < 40, toward 1-Iodopropane. , 2017, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[18]  M. Beyer,et al.  Do protons recombine with O2− and CO2− in water clusters? , 2017 .

[19]  Marc P. Coons,et al.  The Hydrated Electron. , 2017, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[20]  D. Luckhaus,et al.  Genuine binding energy of the hydrated electron , 2017, Science Advances.

[21]  B. Winter,et al.  Valence Electronic Structure of Aqueous Solutions: Insights from Photoelectron Spectroscopy. , 2016, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[22]  I. Janik,et al.  The nature of the CO2 (-) radical anion in water. , 2016, The Journal of chemical physics.

[23]  O. Dopfer,et al.  Probing Solvation Dynamics around Aromatic and Biological Molecules at the Single-Molecular Level. , 2016, Chemical reviews.

[24]  M. Beyer,et al.  Thermochemistry of the Reaction of SF6 with Gas-Phase Hydrated Electrons: A Benchmark for Nanocalorimetry. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[25]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactivity of Hydrated Monovalent First Row Transition Metal Ions [M(H2O)n](+), M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, n < 50, Toward Acetonitrile. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[26]  Han Zhang,et al.  Reductions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acetonitrile by the magnesium(II)/magnesium(I) couple in aqueous media: theoretical insights from a nano-sized water droplet. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[27]  M. Beyer,et al.  Electron transfer reactions of nitromethane, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde with (H2O)n−, CO2−(H2O)n, and O2−(H2O)n, n < 110, in the gas phase , 2014 .

[28]  Mark A. Johnson,et al.  Cryogenic ion chemistry and spectroscopy. , 2014, Accounts of chemical research.

[29]  D. Neumark,et al.  Relaxation Mechanism of the Hydrated Electron , 2013, Science.

[30]  Q. Hao,et al.  CC bond formation between CO2- and allyl alcohol: A mechanistic study , 2013 .

[31]  Q. Hao,et al.  Reduction of Acetonitrile by Hydrated Magnesium Cations Mg+ (H2 O)n (n≈20-60) in the Gas Phase. , 2013, ChemPlusChem.

[32]  Q. Hao,et al.  Carboxylation of methyl acrylate by carbon dioxide radical anions in gas-phase water clusters. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[33]  M. Duncan,et al.  Infrared spectroscopy of solvation in small Zn+ (H2O)n complexes. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[34]  B. Abel.  Hydrated interfacial ions and electrons. , 2013, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[35]  P. Armentrout,et al.  Threshold collision-induced dissociation of hydrated magnesium: experimental and theoretical investigation of the binding energies for Mg(2+)(H2O)x complexes (x=2-10). , 2013, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[36]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactions of hydrated singly charged first-row transition-metal ions M+(H2O)n (M=V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) toward nitric oxide in the gas phase. , 2013, Chemistry.

[37]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactivity of hydrated monovalent first row transition metal ions M(+)(H2O)n, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, toward molecular oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[38]  P. Armentrout.  The Power of Accurate Energetics (or Thermochemistry: What is it Good for?) , 2013, Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[39]  F. Uhlig,et al.  Electron at the Surface of Water: Dehydrated or Not? , 2013, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[40]  E. Uggerud,et al.  Proton mobility and stability of water clusters containing alkali metal ions , 2012 .

[41]  M. Beyer,et al.  Electron induced reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons in water clusters , 2012 .

[42]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactions of M(+)(H2O)n, n < 40, M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with D2O reveal water activation in Mn(+)(H2O)n. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[43]  Ryan M. Young,et al.  Dynamics of solvated electrons in clusters. , 2012, Chemical reviews.

[44]  Q. Hao,et al.  Reactions of CH3SH and CH3SSCH3 with gas-phase hydrated radical anions (H2O)n(•-), CO2(•-)(H2O)n, and O2(•-)(H2O)n. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[45]  E. Uggerud,et al.  Proton Mobility in Water Clusters , 2012, European journal of mass spectrometry.

[46]  D. Tobias,et al.  Watching the low-frequency motions in aqueous salt solutions: the terahertz vibrational signatures of hydrated ions. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[47]  M. Faubel,et al.  Ultrafast soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at liquid water microjets. , 2012, Accounts of chemical research.

[48]  D. Neumark,et al.  Vibrational spectroscopy of microhydrated conjugate base anions. , 2012, Accounts of chemical research.

[49]  E. Williams,et al.  Coordination numbers of hydrated divalent transition metal ions investigated with IRPD spectroscopy. , 2011, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[50]  J. Herbert,et al.  Theoretical characterization of four distinct isomer types in hydrated-electron clusters, and proposed assignments for photoelectron spectra of water cluster anions. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[51]  M. Beyer,et al.  Hydrated magnesium cations Mg+(H2O)n, n ≈ 20-60, exhibit chemistry of the hydrated electron in reactions with O2 and CO2. , 2011, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[52]  E. Uggerud,et al.  Proton mobility and stability of water clusters containing the bisulfate anion, HSO4(-)(H2O)n. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[53]  M. Beyer,et al.  Competition between Birch reduction and fluorine abstraction in reactions of hydrated electrons (H2O)n(-) with the isomers of di- and trifluorobenzene. , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[54]  M. Beyer,et al.  The structure of gas-phase [Al·nH2O]+: hydrated monovalent aluminium Al+ (H2O)n or hydride-hydroxide HAlOH+ (H2O)(n-1)? , 2011, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[55]  P. Armentrout,et al.  Sequential bond energies and barrier heights for the water loss and charge separation dissociation pathways of Cd(2+)(H2O)n, n = 3-11. , 2011, The Journal of chemical physics.

[56]  D. Neumark,et al.  Average sequential water molecule binding enthalpies of M(H2O)(19-124)2+ (M = Co, Fe, Mn, and Cu) measured with ultraviolet photodissociation at 193 and 248 nm. , 2011, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[57]  P. Armentrout,et al.  Zn2+ has a primary hydration sphere of five: IR action spectroscopy and theoretical studies of hydrated Zn2+ complexes in the gas phase. , 2010, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[58]  M. Beyer,et al.  Selective formic acid synthesis from nanoscale electrochemistry. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[59]  M. F. Bush,et al.  Sulfate ion patterns water at long distance. , 2010, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[60]  M. Beyer,et al.  Thermochemistry from ion-molecule reactions of hydrated ions in the gas phase: a new variant of nanocalorimetry reveals product energy partitioning. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[61]  W. Tolman.  Binding and activation of N2O at transition-metal centers: recent mechanistic insights. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[62]  P. Armentrout,et al.  Hydration energies of zinc(II): threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments and theoretical studies. , 2009, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[63]  Ryan M. Young,et al.  Electronic relaxation dynamics in large anionic water clusters: (H2O)n(-) and (D2O)n(-) (n = 25-200). , 2009, The Journal of chemical physics.

[64]  A. Ravishankara,et al.  Nitrous Oxide (N2O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century , 2009, Science.

[65]  M. F. Bush,et al.  Hydration of alkaline earth metal dications: effects of metal ion size determined using infrared action spectroscopy. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[66]  Lai‐Sheng Wang,et al.  Photoelectron spectroscopy of cold hydrated sulfate clusters, SO4(2-)(H2O)n (n = 4-7): temperature-dependent isomer populations. , 2009, Journal of Physical Chemistry A.

[67]  Yali Cao,et al.  Birch reduction of chlorobenzene in gas-phase hydrated electrons , 2008 .

[68]  E. Uggerud,et al.  Isotope exchange and structural rearrangements in reactions between size-selected ionic water clusters, H3O(+)(H2O)(n) and NH4(+)(H2O)(n), and D2O. , 2008, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[69]  E. Williams,et al.  Hydration of gaseous copper dications probed by IR action spectroscopy. , 2008, The journal of physical chemistry. A.

[70]  J. V. Coe,et al.  Photoelectron spectra of hydrated electron clusters vs. cluster size: connecting to bulk , 2008 .

[71]  M. Beyer.  Hydrated metal ions in the gas phase. , 2007, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[72]  K. Ohashi,et al.  Infrared spectroscopy of Cu+(H2O)(n) and Ag+(H2O)(n): coordination and solvation of noble-metal ions. , 2007, The Journal of chemical physics.

[73]  Mark A. Johnson,et al.  Vibrational spectroscopy of hydrated electron clusters (H2O)(-)(15-50) via infrared multiple photon dissociation. , 2007, The Journal of chemical physics.

[74]  E. A. Price,et al.  Solvated electron spectrum in supercooled water and ice , 2007 .

[75]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactions of large water cluster anions with hydrogen chloride: formation of atomic hydrogen and phase separation in the gas phase. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[76]  S. Xantheas,et al.  Infrared spectrum of NH4+(H2O): evidence for mode specific fragmentation. , 2007, The Journal of chemical physics.

[77]  D. Neumark,et al.  Photoelectron spectroscopy of large (water)n- (n = 50-200) clusters at 4.7 eV. , 2006, The Journal of chemical physics.

[78]  M. Beyer,et al.  Ab initio molecular dynamics studies of ionic dissolution and precipitation of sodium chloride and silver chloride in water clusters, NaCl(H2O)n and AgCl(H2O)n, n = 6, 10, and 14. , 2006, Chemistry.

[79]  J. Oomens,et al.  Gas-phase infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected molecular ions , 2006 .

[80]  M. Beyer,et al.  Proton transfer in ionic water clusters. , 2006, Angewandte Chemie.

[81]  M. Faubel,et al.  Photoemission from liquid aqueous solutions. , 2006, Chemical reviews.

[82]  S. I. Gorelsky,et al.  Mechanism of N2O reduction by the mu4-S tetranuclear CuZ cluster of nitrous oxide reductase. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[83]  D. Neumark,et al.  Electron solvation in water clusters following charge transfer from iodide. , 2005, The Journal of chemical physics.

[84]  H. Schneider,et al.  Unusual hydrogen bonding behavior in binary complexes of coinage metal anions with water. , 2005, The Journal of chemical physics.

[85]  G. Kummerlöwe,et al.  Rate estimates for collisions of ionic clusters with neutral reactant molecules , 2005 .

[86]  H. Schwarz,et al.  Gas-phase catalysis by atomic and cluster metal ions: the ultimate single-site catalysts. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[87]  D. Bohme,et al.  O-atom transport catalysis by atomic cations in the gas phase: reduction of N2O by CO. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[88]  M. Beyer,et al.  Hydrogen formation in the reaction of Zn+ (H2O)n with HCl. , 2005, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[89]  C. Siu,et al.  Reaction mechanisms for size-dependent H loss in Mg+(H2O)n: solvation controlled electron transfer. , 2005, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[90]  D. F. Ogletree,et al.  Electron Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solution Interfaces Reveals Surface Enhancement of Halides , 2005, Science.

[91]  D. Neumark,et al.  Observation of Large Water-Cluster Anions with Surface-Bound Excess Electrons , 2005, Science.

[92]  P. Armentrout,et al.  The mechanism of proton exchange: guided ion beam studies of the reactions, H(H2O)n+ (n=1-4)+D2O and D(D2O)n+ (n=1-4)+H2O. , 2004, The Journal of chemical physics.

[93]  D. Neumark,et al.  Hydrated Electron Dynamics: From Clusters to Bulk , 2004, Science.

[94]  M. Beyer,et al.  Free electrons, the simplest radicals of them all: Chemistry of aqueous electrons as studied by mass spectrometry , 2004 .

[95]  M. Beyer,et al.  Reactions of hydrated electrons (H2O)n- with carbon dioxide and molecular oxygen: hydration of the CO2- and O2- ions. , 2004, Chemistry.

[96]  R. L. Wong,et al.  Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation at low temperature: hydration of X2+(H2O)n, for X = Mg, Ca , 2004 .

[97]  R. Dunbar.  BIRD (blackbody infrared radiative dissociation): evolution, principles, and applications. , 2004, Mass spectrometry reviews.

[98]  Mark A. Johnson,et al.  Molecular aspects of halide ion hydration: the cluster approach. , 2003, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[99]  M. Beyer,et al.  Addition of a hydrogen atom to acetonitrile by hydrated electrons in nanodroplets. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[100]  M. Duncan.  Infrared spectroscopy to probe structure and dynamics in metal ion-molecule complexes , 2003 .

[101]  John S. Tse,et al.  Ab Initio Studies on Al+(H2O)n, HAlOH+(H2O)n-1, and the Size-Dependent H2 Elimination Reaction , 2002 .

[102]  B. Reinhard,et al.  H2 elimination from hydrated aluminum clusters: Acid-base reaction mediated by intracluster proton transfer , 2002 .

[103]  B. Reinhard,et al.  Co-existence of hydrated electron and metal di-cation in [Mg(H2O)n]+ , 2002 .

[104]  M. Beyer,et al.  How many molecules make a solution? , 2002 .

[105]  M. Beyer,et al.  Single-molecule precipitation of transition metal(I) chlorides in water clusters. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[106]  C. Chaudhuri,et al.  Infrared spectra and isomeric structures of hydroxide ion-water clusters OH- (H2O)1-5: a comparison with H3O (H2O)1-5 , 2001 .

[107]  M. Beyer,et al.  Black Body Fragmentation of Cationic Ammonia Clusters , 2001 .

[108]  J. V. Coe.  Fundamental properties of bulk water from cluster ion data , 2001 .

[109]  V. Bondybey,et al.  FT-ICR Studies of Solvation Effects in Ionic Water Cluster Reactions. , 2000, Chemical reviews.

[110]  Huan-Cheng Chang,et al.  Infrared Spectra of H+(H2O)5-8 Clusters: Evidence for Symmetric Proton Hydration , 2000 .

[111]  M. Beyer,et al.  Precipitation Reactions in Water Clusters , 2000 .

[112]  D. J. Moody,et al.  Reactions of Protonated Water Clusters with Chlorine Nitrate Revisited , 2000 .

[113]  M. Beyer,et al.  Size Dependence of Blackbody Radiation Induced Hydrogen Formation in Al+(H2O)n Hydrated Aluminum Cations and Their Reactivity with Hydrogen Chloride , 1999 .

[114]  M. Beyer,et al.  Effect of charge upon metal cluster chemistry: Reactions of Nbn and Rhn anions and cations with benzene , 1998 .

[115]  C. Bauschlicher,et al.  Accurate Heats of Formation for SFn, SFn+, and SFn- for n = 1−6 , 1998 .

[116]  Jong-Ho Choi,et al.  Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Cl.(H2O)n Anionic Clusters, n = 1-5 , 1998 .

[117]  M. Okumura,et al.  Protonation of Chlorine Nitrate and Nitric Acid: Identification of Isomers by Vibrational Spectroscopy , 1997 .

[118]  P. B. Armentrout,et al.  Collision-induced dissociation measurements on Li+(H2O)n, n = 1-6: The first direct measurement of the Li+-OH2 bond energy , 1997 .

[119]  Marvin Johnson,et al.  Electronic absorption spectra of size-selected hydrated electron clusters: (H2O)n−, n=6–50 , 1997 .

[120]  M. Duncan.  Spectroscopy of metal ion complexes: gas-phase models for solvation. , 1997, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[121]  A. W. Castleman,et al.  Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter , 1996 .

[122]  P. Schnier,et al.  Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation of bradykinin and its analogues: energetics, dynamics, and evidence for salt-bridge structures in the gas phase. , 1996, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[123]  V. Bondybey,et al.  HETEROGENEOUSLY CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF CHLORINE NITRATE : FOURIER-TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE INVESTIGATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY , 1996 .

[124]  V. Bondybey,et al.  Protonated water clusters and their black body radiation induced fragmentation , 1996 .

[125]  Marvin Johnson,et al.  THERMAL ENERGY REACTIONS OF SIZE-SELECTED HYDRATED ELECTRON CLUSTERS (H2O)N- , 1996 .

[126]  V. Bondybey,et al.  REACTIONS OF ANIONIC WATER CLUSTERS X-(H2O)N, N=1-50, X=OH AND O, WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID , 1995 .

[127]  G. R. Sunaryo,et al.  TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM AND RATE CONSTANTS OF REACTIONS INDUCING CONVERSION BETWEEN HYDRATED ELECTRON AND ATOMIC HYDROGEN , 1994 .

[128]  P. B. Armentrout,et al.  Sequential bond energies of water to Na+ (3s0), Mg+ (3s1), and Al+ (3s2) , 1994 .

[129]  P. B. Armentrout,et al.  Solvation of Transition Metal Ions by Water. Sequential Binding Energies of M+(H2O)x (x = 1-4) for M = Ti to Cu Determined by Collision-Induced Dissociation , 1994 .

[130]  X. Zhang,et al.  Reactions of Water Cluster Ions with Nitric Acid , 1994 .

[131]  Max L. Berkowitz,et al.  Structures of Cl-(H2O)n and F -(H2O)n (n=2,3,..., 15) clusters. Molecular dynamics computer simulations , 1994 .

[132]  K. Fuke,et al.  Photodissociation study on Mg+(H2O)n, n=1–5: Electronic structure and photoinduced intracluster reaction , 1994 .

[133]  M. Okumura,et al.  Reaction of chlorine nitrate with protonated water clusters: a model for heterogeneous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds , 1992 .

[134]  W. Tsang,et al.  Kinetics and thermodynamics of the reaction SF6⇄SF5+F , 1992 .

[135]  Marvin Johnson,et al.  Reactions of hydrated electron clusters (H2O)n-: scavenging the excess electron , 1989 .

[136]  Stephen J. Paddison,et al.  Bond dissociation energies and radical heats of formation in CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CH3Br, CH2Br2, CH2FCl, and CHFCl2 , 1987 .

[137]  A. Castleman,et al.  Clusters: bridging the gas and condensed phases , 1986 .

[138]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases , 1986, Nature.

[139]  B. Giese.  Formation of CC Bonds by Addition of Free Radicals to Alkenes , 1983 .

[140]  A. Castleman,et al.  On the Correlation of Total and Partial Enthalpies of Ion Solvation and the Relationship to the Energy Barrier to Nucleation , 1980 .

[141]  P. Kebarle,et al.  Ion Thermochemistry and Solvation From Gas Phase Ion Equilibria , 1977 .

[142]  J. Fenn,et al.  Clustering of water on hydrated protons in a supersonic free jet expansion , 1974 .

[143]  A. W. Castleman,et al.  Mass spectrometric study of gas‐phase clustering reactions: Hydration of the monovalent strontium ion , 1974 .

[144]  M. Arshadi,et al.  Hydration of the halide negative ions in the gas phase. II. Comparison of hydration energies for the alkali positive and halide negative ions , 1970 .

[145]  M. Arshadi,et al.  Hydration of OH- and O2- in the gas phase. Comparative solvation of OH- by water and the hydrogen halides. Effects of acidity , 1970 .

[146]  P. Kebarle,et al.  Hydration of the alkali ions in the gas phase. Enthalpies and entropies of reactions M+(H2O)n-1 + H2O = M+(H2O)n , 1970 .