E2WFQ: an energy efficient fair scheduling policy for wireless systems

As embedded systems are being networked, often wirelessly, an increasingly larger share of their total energy budget is due to the communication. This necessitates the development of power management techniques that address communication subsystems, such as radios, as opposed to computation subsystems, such as embedded processors, to which most of the research effort thus far has been devoted. In this paper, we present E2WFQ, an energy efficient version of the Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) algorithm for packet scheduling in communication systems. We employ a recently proposed radio power management technique, Dynamic Modulation Scaling (DMS), as a control knob to enable energy-latency tradeoffs during wireless packet scheduling. The use of E2WFQ results in an energy aware packet scheduler, which exploits the statistics of the input arrival pattern as well as the variability in packet lengths. Simulation results show that large savings in energy consumption can be obtained through the use of our scheduling scheme, compared to conventional WFQ, with only a small, bounded increase in worst case packet latency.

[1]  M. Potkonjak,et al.  On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage processor , 1998, 1998 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.98CB36287).

[2]  H. Samueli,et al.  A 8.75-MBaud single-chip digital QAM modulator with frequency-agility and beamforming diversity , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.00CH37044).

[3]  M. Srivastava,et al.  Modulation scaling for energy aware communication systems , 2001, ISLPED'01: Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8581).

[4]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  On-line scheduling of hard real-time tasks on variable voltage processor , 1998, ICCAD.

[5]  Prathima Agrawal,et al.  Low-power access protocols based on scheduling for wireless and mobile ATM networks , 1997, Proceedings of ICUPC 97 - 6th International Conference on Universal Personal Communications.

[6]  Harrick M. Vin,et al.  Start-time fair queueing: a scheduling algorithm for integrated services packet switching networks , 1996, SIGCOMM '96.

[7]  Harrick M. Vin,et al.  Start-time fair queueing: a scheduling algorithm for integrated services packet switching networks , 1996, SIGCOMM 1996.

[8]  Luca Benini,et al.  Dynamic power management - design techniques and CAD tools , 1997 .

[9]  Hui Zhang,et al.  WF/sup 2/Q: worst-case fair weighted fair queueing , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '96. Conference on Computer Communications.

[10]  George Varghese,et al.  Efficient fair queueing using deficit round-robin , 1996, TNET.

[11]  R. Srikant,et al.  Fair scheduling in wireless packet networks , 1999, TNET.

[12]  George Varghese,et al.  Efficient fair queueing using deficit round robin , 1995, SIGCOMM '95.

[13]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Digital Communications , 1983 .

[14]  Mani Srivastava,et al.  Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks , 2002, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[15]  Parameswaran Ramanathan,et al.  Adapting packet fair queueing algorithms to wireless networks , 1998, MobiCom '98.

[16]  Scott Shenker,et al.  Analysis and simulation of a fair queueing algorithm , 1989, SIGCOMM 1989.

[17]  Flavius Gruian.  Hard real-time scheduling for low-energy using stochastic data and DVS processors , 2001, ISLPED'01: Proceedings of the 2001 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8581).

[18]  Thomas D. Burd,et al.  The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.98TH8379).

[19]  Mani Srivastava,et al.  Modulation scaling for real-time energy aware packet scheduling , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[20]  Srinivasan Keshav,et al.  An Engineering Approach to Computer Networking: ATM Networks , 1996 .

[21]  Kang G. Shin,et al.  Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems , 2001, SOSP.

[22]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Adaptive power-fidelity in energy-aware wireless embedded systems , 2001, Proceedings 22nd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS 2001) (Cat. No.01PR1420).

[23]  Sujit Dey,et al.  High-Level Power Analysis and Optimization , 1997 .

[24]  Scott Shenker,et al.  Scheduling for reduced CPU energy , 1994, OSDI '94.

[25]  Hal Wasserman,et al.  Comparing algorithm for dynamic speed-setting of a low-power CPU , 1995, MobiCom '95.

[26]  Anantha P. Chandrakasan,et al.  Low-power CMOS digital design , 1992 .

[27]  Youngsoo Shin,et al.  Power conscious fixed priority scheduling for hard real-time systems , 1999, Proceedings 1999 Design Automation Conference (Cat. No. 99CH36361).

[28]  Abhay Parekh,et al.  A generalized processor sharing approach to flow control in integrated services networks: the single-node case , 1993, TNET.

[29]  Hiroto Yasuura,et al.  Voltage scheduling problem for dynamically variable voltage processors , 1998, Proceedings. 1998 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (IEEE Cat. No.98TH8379).