Tracing Crustal Fluids: Applications of Natural 129I and 36Cl

The two cosmogenic isotopes 129I and 36Cl have half-lives and geochemical characteristics that make their application of interest in the tracing of crustal fluids, oil field brines, and geothermal fluids. The focus of this review is to compare 129I data from volcanic fluids with those from mud volcanoes and gas hydrate locations associated with the same subduction zone in order to demonstrate that fundamentally different hydrologic systems are present in active margins. Whereas 129I/I ratios in volcanic fluids are site dependent and show a relation to the ages of subducting marine sediments, ratios in fore arc fluids are similar in all sites investigated and are independent of the ages of the host sediments and the age of the subducting slab. Volcanic fluids contain iodine transported in sediments from the trench to the main volcanic zone, whereas iodine in fore arc fluids is derived from organic material stored in the upper plates of subduction zones.

[1]  Barry F. Smith,et al.  The in situ production of radioisotopes in rock matrices with particular reference to the Stripa granite , 1989 .

[2]  D. Whittemore,et al.  Geochemistry of halogens in the Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada , 1991 .

[3]  U. Fehn,et al.  Sources and reservoirs of anthropogenic iodine-129 in western New York , 1999 .

[4]  M. Kastner,et al.  Chlorine stable isotopes and halogen concentrations in convergent margins with implications for the Cl isotopes cycle in the ocean , 2008 .

[5]  H. Synal,et al.  Increase of 129I in the environment , 1996 .

[6]  U. Fehn,et al.  Influence of subduction zone settings on the origin of forearc fluids: Halogen concentrations and 129I/I ratios in waters from Kyushu, Japan , 2007 .

[7]  William R. Stott,et al.  Carbon-14: Direct Detection at Natural Concentrations , 1977, Science.

[8]  H. Synal,et al.  36Cl studies at the ETH/SIN-AMS facility , 1987 .

[9]  Xiaolin Hou,et al.  Determination of ultralow level 129I/127I in natural samples by separation of microgram carrier free iodine and accelerator mass spectrometry detection. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[10]  R. Teng,et al.  Variations in 129I/127I ratios in recent marine sediments: evidence for a fossil organic component , 1998 .

[11]  K. Schwehr,et al.  Evaluation of a radioiodine plume increasing in concentration at the Savannah River Site. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[12]  Y. Muramatsu,et al.  Iodine dating of pore waters associated with gas hydrates in the Nankai area, Japan , 2003 .

[13]  R. Aller,et al.  Dissolved iodine flux from estuarine sediments and implications for the enrichment of iodine at the sediment water interface , 1980 .

[14]  D. Elmore,et al.  Reliability of 129I/I ratios produced from small sample masses , 2007 .

[15]  D. Schink,et al.  Evidence for elevated levels of iodine-129 in the Deep Western Boundary Current in the Middle Atlantic Bight , 1996 .

[16]  J. Moran.  Origin of Iodine in the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma: An 129I Study , 1996 .

[17]  S. Hurwitz,et al.  Systematics of halogen elements and their radioisotopes in thermal springs of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon, Western USA [rapid communication] , 2005 .

[18]  U. Fehn,et al.  Comparison of iodine dates from mud volcanoes and gas hydrate occurrences: Relevance for the movement of fluids and methane in active margins , 2011, American Journal of Science.

[19]  U. Fehn,et al.  Origin of iodine in volcanic fluids: 129I results from the Central American Volcanic Arc , 2002 .

[20]  William F. Waite,et al.  Methane hydrate-bearing seeps as a source of aged dissolved organic carbon to the oceans , 2011 .

[21]  F. Goff,et al.  Iodine isotope ratios and halide concentrations in fluids of the Satsuma-Iwojima volcano, Japan , 2002 .

[22]  W. Rühm,et al.  Anthropogenic 129I in the atmosphere: overview over major sources, transport processes and deposition pattern. , 2010, The Science of the total environment.

[23]  D. Schink,et al.  129I in Gulf of Mexico waters , 1995 .

[24]  K. Wallmann,et al.  Old iodine in fluids venting along the Central American convergent margin , 2007 .

[25]  Zreda,et al.  Ages of prehistoric earthquakes revealed by cosmogenic chlorine-36 in a bedrock fault scarp at hebgen lake , 1998, Science.

[26]  D. Schink,et al.  Atmospheric dispersal of 129iodine from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities , 1999 .

[27]  J. Fabryka-Martin,et al.  129I and 36Cl in dilute hydrocarbon waters: Marine-cosmogenic, in situ, and anthropogenic sources , 2007 .

[28]  H. Amano,et al.  The vertical profiles of iodine-129 in the Pacific Ocean and the Japan Sea before the routine operation of a new nuclear fuel reprocessing plant , 2010 .

[29]  Groundwater dating by estimation of groundwater flow velocity and dissolved 4He accumulation rate calibrated by 36Cl in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia , 2009 .

[30]  A. Gorody,et al.  Origin and history of waters associated with coalbed methane: 129I, 36Cl, and stable isotope results from the Fruitland Formation, CO and NM , 2003 .

[31]  M. Zreda,et al.  Chlorine-36, bromide, and the origin of spring water , 2001 .

[32]  J. Hanor,et al.  DETERMINATION OF SOURCE AGES AND MIGRATION PATTERNS OF BRINES FROM THE U.S. GULF COAST BASIN USING 129I , 1995 .

[33]  David Elmore,et al.  Determination of natural and anthropogenic 129I in marine sediments , 1986 .

[34]  E. Hebeda,et al.  Radiogenic, fissiogenic and nucleogenic noble gases in zircons , 1987 .

[35]  D. Elmore,et al.  Near-conservative behavior of 129I in the orange county aquifer system, California , 2005 .

[36]  H. Matsuzaki,et al.  Comparison of Depth Profiles of 129I and 14C Concentration in the Surface Layer of Soils Collected from Northeastern Japan , 2010, Radiocarbon.

[37]  K. Wallmann,et al.  Halogen and 129I systematics in gas hydrate fields at the northern Cascadia margin (IODP Expedition 311): Insights from numerical modeling , 2008 .

[38]  G. Raisbeck,et al.  129I in the oceans: origins and applications. , 1999, The Science of the total environment.

[39]  M. Zreda,et al.  Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: empirical data , 2003 .

[40]  V. Truesdale,et al.  On the biophilic nature of iodine in seawater , 1980 .

[41]  U. Fehn,et al.  Data report: 129I/I ratios and halogen concentrations in pore water of Hydrate Ridge and their relevance for the origin of gas hydrates: A progress report , 2005 .

[42]  Marta E. Torres,et al.  Bromine and iodine in Peru margin sediments and pore fluids: Implications for fluid origins , 1993 .

[43]  W. Rühm,et al.  Determination of 129I and 127I Concentration in Soil Samples from the Chernobyl 30-km Zone by AMS and ICP-MS , 2009 .

[44]  K. Aoike,et al.  Dating of Dissolved Iodine in Pore Waters from the Gas Hydrate Occurrence Offshore Shimokita Peninsula, Japan: 129I Results from the D/V Chikyu Shakedown Cruise , 2009 .

[45]  J. Varekamp,et al.  Detection of recycled marine sediment components in crater lake fluids using 129 I , 2002 .

[46]  A. Aldahan,et al.  Tracing water masses with 129I in the western Nordic Seas in early spring 2002 , 2004 .

[47]  A. Milkov.  Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is really out there? , 2004 .

[48]  H. Gove,et al.  Chlorine 36 dating of very old groundwater: 1. The Great Artesian Basin, Australia , 1986 .

[49]  P. Egeberg,et al.  Contribution of dissolved organic species to the carbon and energy budgets of hydrate bearing deep sea sediments (Ocean Drilling Program Site 997 Blake Ridge) , 1998 .

[50]  R. Teng,et al.  129I and 36Cl concentrations in waters of the eastern Clear Lake area, California: Residence times and source ages of hydrothermal fluids , 1992 .

[51]  M. Leybourne,et al.  Atacamite formation by deep saline waters in copper deposits from the Atacama Desert, Chile: evidence from fluid inclusions, groundwater geochemistry, TEM, and 36Cl data , 2008 .

[52]  I. Clark,et al.  Iodine-129 constraints on residence times of deep marine brines in the Canadian Shield , 2002 .

[53]  U. Fehn,et al.  Dating of pore waters with (129)I: relevance for the origin of marine gas hydrates , 2000, Science.

[54]  K. Kvenvolden,et al.  Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  S. Davis,et al.  Application of isotopic methods to dating of very old groundwaters: Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada , 1991 .

[56]  D. Elmore,et al.  In situ production and migration of 129I in the Stripa granite, Sweden☆ , 1989 .

[57]  M. Haeckel,et al.  Kinetics of organic matter degradation, microbial methane generation, and gas hydrate formation in anoxic marine sediments , 2006 .

[58]  A. Aldahan,et al.  Global distribution and long‐term fate of anthropogenic 129I in marine and surface water reservoirs , 2010 .

[59]  L. Cooper,et al.  Iodine-129 and plutonium isotopes in Arctic kelp as historical indicators of transport of nuclear fuel-reprocessing wastes from mid-to-high latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean , 1998 .

[60]  J. Lauterjung,et al.  The German Continental Deep Drilling Program KTB: Overview and major results , 1997 .

[61]  Y. Muramatsu,et al.  The initial 129I/I ratio and the presence of ‘old’ iodine in continental margins , 2007 .

[62]  P. Egeberg,et al.  THERMODYNAMIC AND PORE WATER HALOGEN CONSTRAINTS ON GAS HYDRATE DISTRIBUTION AT ODP SITE 997 (BLAKE RIDGE) , 1999 .

[63]  U. Fehn,et al.  Global distribution of 129I in rivers and lakes: implications for iodine cycling in surface reservoirs , 2004 .

[64]  D. Elmore,et al.  Applications of 129I and 36Cl in hydrology , 1987 .

[65]  A. Aldahan,et al.  129I anthropogenic budget: Major sources and sinks , 2007 .

[66]  H. Gove,et al.  Determination of 129I using tandem accelerator mass spectrometry , 1980, Nature.

[67]  H. Gove,et al.  Chlorine 36 Dating of Very Old Groundwater: 3. Further Studies in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia , 1991 .

[68]  Y. Muramatsu,et al.  The distribution of iodine in the earth's crust , 1998 .

[69]  R. Jarrard.  Relations among subduction parameters , 1986 .

[70]  J. Ji,et al.  Evolution of the Cenozoic carbon cycle: The roles of tectonics and CO2 fertilization , 2009 .

[71]  M. C. Feiters,et al.  Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[72]  H. Gove,et al.  Thermonuclear 36Cl pulse in natural water , 1982, Nature.

[73]  Demian M. Saffer,et al.  Hydrologic controls on the morphology and mechanics of accretionary wedges , 2002 .

[74]  K. Kvenvolden,et al.  Gaia's breath—global methane exhalations , 2005 .

[75]  D. Elmore,et al.  Natural iodine-129 as an environmental tracer☆ , 1985 .

[76]  J.-F. Minster,et al.  Tracers in the Sea , 1982 .

[77]  J. B. Martins,et al.  Decay constant for the spontaneous-fission process in 238U☆ , 1982 .

[78]  P. Birkle.  Application of 129I / 127I to define the source of hydrocarbons of the Pol-Chuc, Abkatún and Taratunich–Batab oil reservoirs, Bay of Campeche, southern Mexico , 2006 .

[79]  R. Aller,et al.  Rates of iodine remineralization in terrigenous near-shore sediments , 1983 .

[80]  M. Murrell,et al.  Uranium series and beryllium isotope evidence for an extended history of subduction modification of the mantle below Nicaragua , 1994 .

[81]  Hitoshi Tomaru,et al.  Origin of hydrocarbons in the Green Tuff region of Japan: 129I results from oil field brines and hot springs in the Akita and Niigata Basins , 2009 .

[82]  D. Pyle,et al.  Halogens in igneous processes and their fluxes to the atmosphere and oceans from volcanic activity: A review , 2009 .

[83]  C. Bennett,et al.  Radiocarbon Dating Using Electrostatic Accelerators: Negative Ions Provide the Key , 1977, Science.

[84]  S. Brachfeld,et al.  Cosmogenic Be-10 and the solid earth: Studies in geomagnetism, subduction zone processes, and active tectonics , 2002 .

[85]  Y. Muramatsu,et al.  Iodine as a tracer of organic material: 129I results from gas hydrate systems and fore arc fluids , 2007 .

[86]  L. K. Fifield,et al.  Chlorine-36 in seawater , 2010 .

[87]  David Elmore,et al.  Dating of oil field brines using 129I , 1990 .

[88]  F. Phillips,et al.  Chapter 10 – CHLORINE-36 IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT , 1986 .

[89]  U. Fehn,et al.  Residence times and source ages of deep crustal fluids: interpretation of 129I and 36Cl results from the KTB‐VB drill site, Germany , 2005 .

[90]  R. Teng,et al.  Oil formation and fluid convection in Railroad Valley, NV: a study using cosmogenic isotopes to determine the onset of hydrocarbon migration , 1997 .

[91]  M. Zreda,et al.  Cosmogenic Chlorine-36 Chronology for Glacial Deposits at Bloody Canyon, Eastern Sierra Nevada , 1990, Science.

[92]  Age variation of pore water iodine in the eastern Nankai Trough, Japan: Evidence for different methane sources in a large gas hydrate field , 2007 .

[93]  H. Gove,et al.  Analysis of 36Cl in environmental water samples using an electrostatic accelerator , 1979, Nature.

[94]  R. Rickaby,et al.  Iodine to calcium ratios in marine carbonate as a paleo-redox proxy during oceanic anoxic events , 2010 .

[95]  V. Brovkin,et al.  Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[96]  M. Gutscher,et al.  Development of the accretionary prism along Peru and material flux after subduction of Nazca Ridge , 1996 .

[97]  F. Scholz,et al.  Controls on the 129I/I ratio of deep-seated marine interstitial fluids: 'Old' organic versus fissiogenic 129-iodine , 2010 .

[98]  B. Bekins,et al.  Episodic fluid flow in the Nankai accretionary complex: Timescale, geochemistry, flow rates, and fluid budget , 1998 .

[99]  U. Fehn,et al.  Iodine ages of pore waters at Hydrate Ridge (ODP Leg 204), Cascadia Margin: Implications for sources of methane in gas hydrates , 2008 .

[100]  M. Zreda,et al.  Cosmogenic 36Cl dating of a young basaltic eruption complex, Lathrop Wells, Nevada , 1993 .

[101]  Y. Muramatsu,et al.  Recycling of iodine in fore-arc areas: evidence from the iodine brines in Chiba, Japan , 2001 .

[102]  Richard B. Coffin,et al.  Methane sources and production in the northern Cascadia margin gas hydrate system , 2009 .